Electrochemical study on an activated carbon cloth modified by cyclic voltammetry with polypyrrole/anthraquinone sulfonate and reduced graphene oxide as electrode for energy storage

[EN] This work describes a two-step procedure for the electrochemical coating of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and polypyrrole anthraquinone sulfonate (PPyAQS) onto an activated carbon cloth (ACC) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The textile samples were characterized by CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements using a sandwich-type (electrode/separator/electrode) cell designed to operate in three or two-electrode configurations. The presence of RGO onto the ACC surface optimized the electrosynthesis of PPyAQS and reinforced the stability of the polymer with the number of charge/discharge cycles. A retention capacity of 90% after 100 charge-discharge cycles together with an energy density of 7.8¿×¿10¿4¿W¿h¿cm¿2 at a power density of 1.8¿×¿10¿3¿W¿cm¿2 were obtained for the ACC/RGO/PPyAQS sample. The analyses by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed the RGO veils-like and PPyAQS glomerular structures covering the ACC-fibers. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses not only detected the presence of PPy and AQS, but also, the changes in the molecular structure of PPyAQS, depending on its oxidation state, as consequence of the redox reactions occurred in the charge/discharge processes in the two-electrode cell.The authors wish to acknowledge to Chemviron Carbon who kindly donated the ZORFLEX® activated carbon fabric. The authors wish to thank the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación de Economía (AEI) and European Union (FEDER funds) for the financial support (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P). Tim Vickers is gratefully acknowledged for help with the English revision. Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV (Universitat Politècnica de València) is gratefully acknowledged for help with FESEM characterization.Fernández Sáez, J.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Molina Puerto, J.; Cases, F. (2018). Electrochemical study on an activated carbon cloth modified by cyclic voltammetry with polypyrrole/anthraquinone sulfonate and reduced graphene oxide as electrode for energy storage. European Polymer Journal. 103:179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.018S17918610

Multi-temporal Forest Cover Change and Forest Density Trend Detection in a Mediterranean Environment

The loss of forests along with the various types of shrubs in the Mediterranean region is seen as an important driver of climate change and has been repeatedly related with the observed land degradation and desertification in the region. Nevertheless, the extent of woody perennial vegetation cover (WPVC) and its density remain largely unclear. Here, we apply a series of algorithms and methods operationally used in Australia for large-scale WPVC mapping and monitoring and demonstrate their applicability in the Mediterranean region using a Spanish area as the trial site. Five Landsat TM and ETM+ images from various dates spanning 14 years are used to map changes in the extent of WPVC and to identify areas with a declining, stabilising or recovering trend. Results show that the applied methodology, which incorporates (i) preprocessing of the Landsat imagery, (ii) a canonical variate analysis to spectrally discriminate between woody and non-woody land cover types, (iii) a conditional probability network and (iv) spectral indices for mapping woody cover and density trend, is highly successful and well suited for use in Mediterranean environments. A rigorous accuracy assessment is undertaken producing overall accuracies above 97% for both woody and non-woody cover types and all dates. Results also show that in the area of study, the majority of WPVC disturbances were due to forest fires, which represent the region's most frequent natural and anthropogenic disturbance. This raises significant concerns about the future of the area's WPVC. Regeneration compensated to some degree for the high disturbance rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Cavidad de Stafne. Revisión a propósito de 6 casos

Presentamos un estudio de 6 casos de cavidades de Stafne, incluidas en una revisión que hemos realizado en 1536 casos de quistes de los maxilares. Existe una mayor incidencia en el sexo masculino (4:2) y en todos los casos el hallazgo fue casual. La sialograffa ha mostrado relación entre la cavidad y la glándula submaxilar. El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en cuatro casos y conservador en dos

Biodiversidad en genciana ("Gentiana lutea, L.") en la montaña occidental de León

Seminario sobre biodiversidad vegetal en el sistema agroforestal atlántico (AGROFOR)[ES] Desde el año 2008 se desarrolla un proyecto para el estudio de las poblaciones silvestres de genciana de la montaña Occidental de León coordinado por el Grupo de Investigación de Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible de la Universidad de León en colaboración con APROGEN (Asociación Promotora de la Genciana y otras plantas de interés de la montaña occidental leonesa), el Laboratorio de Plantas Aromáticas y Medicinales del INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria), y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. El objetivo del trabajo es recolectar muestras de raíz, semillas y muestras de suelo para conocer su diversidad así como la posible relación entre los principios activos y la fertilidad del sueloSIA la Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Castilla y León que ha financiado el presenta trabajo y a APROGEN, cuyos socios colaboran activamente en el desarrollo del proyecto

Control de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi mediante solarización combinada con fumigantes a bajas dosis

La enfermedad más importante de nuestras cultivos de clavel sigue siendo la fusariosis vascular producida por Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. La forma de lucha se ha centrado en la desinfección del suelo, principalmente con dosis altas de bromuro de metilo, y el uso de variedades tolerantes o resistentes a la enfermedad. La solarización del suelo, técnica de desinfección que apareció en 1976, no parece ser suficientemente drástica por eliminar completamente el inóculo del suelo. No obstante la adición de cantidades pequeñas de fumigantes (metam sodio o bromuro de metilo) mejora ostensiblemente su eficacia En este trabajo se comparan la fumigación del suelo tradicionalmente recomendada con bromuro de metilo ( 70 g / m2) y la solarización bajo invernadero de sóla o con la adición de bromuro de metilo plástico cerrado, ( 14 g / m2, 28 g / m2) o de metam sodio ( 35 g / m2, 70 g / m2), en un suelo artificialmente infestado con E. qa dianthi. Los resultados de dos cosechas de clavel var. Lena a lo largo de dos años, muestran el interés de la solarización del suelo para el control de esta enfermedad. Mejora significativamente el estado sanitario de las plantas y la producción de flores. La solarizacion con la adición de dosis pequeñas de fumigantes permite una cosecha normal hasta el segundo año de cultivo

Supplementation with a Polyphenol-Rich Extract, TensLess® , Attenuates Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Improves Muscle Recovery from Damages After Eccentric Exercise.

High-intensity exercises are known to provoke delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Delayed onset muscle soreness typically occurs within the first 24 h, peaks between 24 and 72 h, and can last as long as 5-7 days post-exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness is a multifactorial process involving both mechanical and biochemical components, associated with clinical features that may limit range of motion, and athletes seek for effective recovery strategies to optimize future training sessions. TensLess® is a food supplement developed to help manage post-exercise recovery. The supplement has been investigated on 13 recreationally active athletes of both sex, during a randomized, double-blind, and crossover clinical investigation, including a 3-week washout period. The clinical investigation was based on the study of TensLess® effects for DOMS management and on the reduction of associated muscle damages following an eccentric exercise protocol. Supplementation with TensLess® induced significant decrease in DOMS perception (-33%; p = 0.008) as of the first 24 h; this was significantly correlated with a lowered release of muscle damage-associated biomarkers, namely myoglobin, creatinine, and creatine kinase, for the whole length of the recovery period. Taken together, these positive results clearly indicate that post-exercise supplementation with TensLess® may preserve myocytes and reduce soreness following eccentric exercise-induced damages, and, accordingly, significantly shorten muscle recovery.Actividad Física y Deport

CARGO: a web portal to integrate customized biological information

There is a huge quantity of information generated in Life Sciences, and it is dispersed in many databases and repositories. Despite the broad availability of the information, there is a great demand for methods that are able to look for, gather and display distributed data in a standardized and friendly way. CARGO (Cancer And Related Genes Online) is a configurable biological web portal designed as a tool to facilitate, integrate and visualize results from Internet resources, independently of their native format or access method. Through the use of small agents, called widgets, supported by a Rich Internet Application (RIA) paradigm based on AJAX, CARGO provides pieces of minimal, relevant and descriptive biological information. The tool is designed to be used by experimental biologists with no training in bioinformatics. In the current state, the system presents a list of human cancer genes. Available at http://cargo.bioinfo.cnio.e

Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca

[EN] A flash-flood event hit the northeastern part of Mallorca on 9 October 2018, causing 13 casualties. Mal- lorca is prone to catastrophic flash floods acting on a sce- nario of deep landscape transformation caused by Mediter- ranean tourist resorts. As global change may exacerbate dev- astating flash floods, analyses of catastrophic events are cru- cial to support effective prevention and mitigation measures. Field-based remote-sensing and modelling techniques were used in this study to evaluate rainfall¿runoff processes at the catchment scale linked to hydrological modelling. Continu- ous streamflow monitoring data revealed a peak discharge of 442 m³ s¿¹ with an unprecedented runoff response. This ex- ceptional behaviour triggered the natural disaster as a com- bination of heavy rainfall (249 mm in 10 h), karstic features and land cover disturbances in the Begura de Salma River catchment (23 km²). Topography-based connectivity indices and geomorphic change detection were used as rapid post- catastrophe decision-making tools, playing a key role dur- ing the rescue search. These hydrogeomorphological preci- sion techniques were combined with the Copernicus Emer- gency Management Service and ¿ground-based¿ damage as- sessment, which showed very accurately the damage-driving factors in the village of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. The main challenges in the future are to readapt hydrological modelling to global change scenarios, implement an early flash-flood warning system and take adaptive and resilient measures on the catchment scale.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Spanish Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project CGL2017-88200-R "Functional hydrological and sediment connectivity at Mediterranean catchments: global change scenarios -MEDhyCON2".Estrany, J.; Ruiz-Perez, M.; Mutzner, R.; Fortesa, J.; Nacher Rodriguez, B.; Tomas-Burguera, M.; Garcia-Comendador, J.... (2020). Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 20(8):2195-2220. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2195-2020S21952220208Adamovic, M., Branger, F., Braud, I., and Kralisch, S.: Development of a data-driven semi-distributed hydrological model for regional scale catchments prone to Mediterranean flash floods, J. Hydrol., 541, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.032, 2016.Agisoft Lens: Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual. Professional Edition, Version 1.4, available at: https://www.agisoft.com/pdf/photoscan-pro_1_4_en.pdf (last access: 12 September 2019), 2018.Ajuntament de Sant Llorenç des Cardassar: Minutes of the Plenary Session of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar City Council, Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, available at: https://ovac.santllorenc.es/absis/idi/arx/idiarxabsaweb/catala/asp/dlgVisor.asp?codigoVerificacion=176102aec9d248aab3b72deaad1e0beb001 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Alfieri, L., Berenguer, M., Knechtl, V., Liechti, K., Sempere-Torres, D., and Zappa, M.: Flash Flood Forecasting Based on Rainfall Thresholds, in Handbook of Hydrometeorological Ensemble Forecasting, edited by: Duan, Q., Pappenberger, F., Wood, A., Cloke, H. L., and Schaake, J. C., 1–38, Springer, 2015.Álvaro, M., Del Olmo, P., and Anglada, E.: Mapa Geológico de España, 1:50 000, Hoja 700 (MANACOR), Madrid, available at: http://info.igme.es/cartografiadigital/datos/magna50/pdfs/d7_G50/Magna50_700.pdf (last access: 30 July 2020), 1991.Amirebrahimi, S., Rajabifard, A., Mendis, P., and Ngo, T.: A framework for a microscale flood damage assessment and visualization for a building using BIM–GIS integration, Int. J. Digit. Earth, 9, 363–386, https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2015.1034201, 2016.Amponsah, W., Marchi, L., Zoccatelli, D., Boni, G., Cavalli, M., Comiti, F., Crema, S., Lucía, A., Marra, F., and Borga, M.: Hydrometeorological Characterization of a Flash Flood Associated with Major Geomorphic Effects: Assessment of Peak Discharge Uncertainties and Analysis of the Runoff Response, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 3063–3077, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0081.1, 2016.Amponsah, W., Ayral, P.-A., Boudevillain, B., Bouvier, C., Braud, I., Brunet, P., Delrieu, G., Didon-Lescot, J.-F., Gaume, E., Lebouc, L., Marchi, L., Marra, F., Morin, E., Nord, G., Payrastre, O., Zoccatelli, D., and Borga, M.: Integrated high-resolution dataset of high-intensity European and Mediterranean flash floods, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1783–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1783-2018, 2018.Artinyan, E., Vincendon, B., Kroumova, K., Nedkov, N., Tsarev, P., Balabanova, S., and Koshinchanov, G.: Flood forecasting and alert system for Arda River basin, J. Hydrol., 541, 457–470, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.059, 2016.Barbosa, S., Silva, Á., and Narciso, P.: Analysis of the 1 November 2015 heavy rainfall episode in Algarve by using weather radar and rain gauge data, Nat. Hazards, 93, 61–76, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3065-2, 2018.Barredo, J. I.: Major flood disasters in Europe: 1950–2005, Nat. Hazards, 42, 125–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9065-2, 2007.BOE: Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE No. 283) (23/11/2018). Decreto-ley 2/2018, de 18 de octubre, por el que se establecen ayudas y otras medidas urgentes para reparar las pérdidas y los daños producidos por las lluvias intensas y las inundaciones del día 9 de, Spain, available at: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2018/11/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2018-15970.pdf (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.BOE: Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE, No. 12) (26/01/2019), Real Decreto Ley 2/2019 de 25 de enero, por el que se adoptan medidas urgentes para paliar los daños causados por temporales y otras situaciones catastróficas, Spain, 2019.Borga, M., Boscolo, P., Zanon, F., and Sangati, M.: Hydrometeorological Analysis of the 29 August 2003 Flash Flood in the Eastern Italian Alps, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 1049–1067, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm593.1, 2007.Borga, M., Gaume, E., Creutin, J. D., and Marchi, L.: Surveying flash floods: gauging the ungauged extremes, Hydrol. Process., 22, 3883–3885, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7111, 2008.Borselli, L., Cassi, P., and Torri, D.: Prolegomena to sediment and flow connectivity in the landscape: A GIS and field numerical assessment, CATENA, 75, 268–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.07.006, 2008.Braud, I., Ayral, P.-A., Bouvier, C., Branger, F., Delrieu, G., Le Coz, J., Nord, G., Vandervaere, J.-P., Anquetin, S., Adamovic, M., Andrieu, J., Batiot, C., Boudevillain, B., Brunet, P., Carreau, J., Confoland, A., Didon-Lescot, J.-F., Domergue, J.-M., Douvinet, J., Dramais, G., Freydier, R., Gérard, S., Huza, J., Leblois, E., Le Bourgeois, O., Le Boursicaud, R., Marchand, P., Martin, P., Nottale, L., Patris, N., Renard, B., Seidel, J.-L., Taupin, J.-D., Vannier, O., Vincendon, B., and Wijbrans, A.: Multi-scale hydrometeorological observation and modelling for flash flood understanding, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3733–3761, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3733-2014, 2014.Calsamiglia, A., García-Comendador, J., Fortesa, J., López-Tarazón, J. A., Crema, S., Cavalli, M., Calvo-Cases, A., and Estrany, J.: Effects of agricultural drainage systems on sediment connectivity in a small Mediterranean lowland catchment, Geomorphology, 318, 162–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.06.011, 2018.Calvo-Cases, A., Gago, J., Ruiz-Pérez, M., García-Comendador, J., Fortesa, J., Company, J., Nácher-Rodríguez, B., Vallés-Morán, F. J., and Estrany, J.: Spatial distribution of geomorphic changes after an extreme flash-flood compared with hydrological and sediment connectivity, in European Geosciences Uninon General Assembly 2020, Copernicus Publications, 2020.Cassola, F., Ferrari, F., Mazzino, A., and Miglietta, M. M.: The role of the sea on the flash floods events over Liguria (northwestern Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3534–3542, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068265, 2016.Cavalli, M., Trevisani, S., Comiti, F., and Marchi, L.: Geomorphometric assessment of spatial sediment connectivity in small Alpine catchments, Geomorphology, 188, 31–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.05.007, 2013.CCS: Estudio Siniestralidades 2018, Inundación extraordinaria Mallorca: Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros. Ministerio de Economía y Empresa. Gobierno de España, available at: https://www.consorseguros.es/web/inicio (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Chapon, B., Delrieu, G., Gosset, M., and Boudevillain, B.: Variability of rain drop size distribution and its effect on the Z–R relationship: A case study for intense Mediterranean rainfall, Atmos. Res., 87, 52–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.07.003, 2008.Collier, C. G.: Flash flood forecasting: What are the limits of predictability?, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 3–23, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.29, 2007.Copernicus Emergency Management Service: [EMSR323] Flood in Balearic Island, Spain, available at: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR323 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Copernicus Emergency Management Service: Directorate Space, Security and Migration, European Commission Joint Research Centre, available at: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/ (last access: 14 August 2019), 2019.Corine Land Cover: Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, available at: https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc2018 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Crema, S. and Cavalli, M.: SedInConnect: a stand-alone, free and open source tool for the assessment of sediment connectivity, Comput. Geosci., 111, 39–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.10.009, 2018.Defossez, S. and Leone, F.: Assessing Vulnerability to Flooding: Progress and Limitations, Floods, 241–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78548-268-7.50014-6, 2017.Duo, E., Trembanis, A. C., Dohner, S., Grottoli, E., and Ciavola, P.: Local-scale post-event assessments with GPS and UAV-based quick-response surveys: a pilot case from the Emilia–Romagna (Italy) coast, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2969–2989, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2969-2018, 2018.ESRI: Arc Hydro Tools, available at: https://www.esri.com/en-us/home (last access: 15 May 2020), 2019.Estrany, J. and Grimalt, M.: Catchment controls and human disturbances on the geomorphology of small Mediterranean estuarine systems, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 150, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.03.021, 2014.Estrany, J., Garcia, C., and Batalla, R. J.: Groundwater control on the suspended sediment load in the Na Borges River, Mallorca, Spain, Geomorphology, 106, 292–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2008.11.008, 2009.Estrany, J., Ruiz, M., Calsamiglia, A., Carriquí, M., García-Comendador, J., Nadal, M., Fortesa, J., López-Tarazón, J. A., Medrano, H., and Gago, J.: Sediment connectivity linked to vegetation using UAVs: High-resolution imagery for ecosystem management, Sci. Total Environ., 671, 1192–1205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.399, 2019.Estrany, J., Ruiz-Pérez, M., Mutzner, R., Fortesa, J., Nácher-Rodríguez, B., Tomàs-Burguera, M., García-Comendador, J., Peña, X., Calvo-Cases, A., and Vallés-Morán, F. J.: Discharge data series of Begura de Salma River (Mallorca, Spain): January 2015–October 2018, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921411 2020a.Estrany, J., Ruiz-Pérez, M., Mutzner, R., Fortesa, J., Nácher-Rodríguez, B., Tomàs-Burguera, M., García-Comendador, J., Peña, X., Calvo-Cases, A., and Vallés-Morán, F. J.: Monthly precipitation and runoff series of Begura de Salma River (Mallorca, Spain): January 2015–October 2018, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921412, 2020b.Fortesa, J., García-Comendador, J., Calsamiglia, A., López-Tarazón, J. A., Latron, J., Alorda, B., and Estrany, J.: Comparison of stage/discharge rating curves derived from different recording systems: Consequences for streamflow data and water management in a Mediterranean island, Sci. Total Environ., 665, 968–981, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.158, 2019.Fulton, R. A., Breidenbach, J. P., Seo, D.-J., Miller, D. A., and O'Bannon, T.: The WSR-88D Rainfall Algorithm, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0377:TWRA>2.0.CO;2, 1998.García-Hernández, J., Jordan, J., Dubois, J., Boillat, J., and Schleiss, A.: Routing System II: Flow modelling in hydraulic systems, Communication, 32, 1661–1179, 2007.Gaume, E., Bain, V., Bernardara, P., Newinger, O., Barbuc, M., Bateman, A., Blaškovičová, L., Blöschl, G., Borga, M., Dumitrescu, A., Daliakopoulos, I., Garcia, J., Irimescu, A., Kohnova, S., Koutroulis, A., Marchi, L., Matreata, S., Medina, V., Preciso, E., Sempere-Torres, D., Stancalie, G., Szolgay, J., Tsanis, I., Velasco, D., and Viglione, A.: A compilation of data on European flash floods, J. Hydrol., 367, 70–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2008.12.028, 2009.Gaume, E., Borga, M., Llasat, M. C., Maouche, S., Lang, M., and Diakakis, M.: Mediterranean extreme floods and flash floods, in The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change. A Scientific Update, edited by: French National Alliance for Environmental Research – ALLENVI, 133–144, available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01465740v2/document (last access: 15 May 2020), 2016.Georgakakos, K. P.: On the Design of National, Real-Time Warning Systems with Capability for Site-Specific, Flash-Flood Forecasts, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 67, 1233–1239, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<1233:OTDONR>2.0.CO;2, 1986.Germann, U. and Joss, J.: Operational Measurement of Precipitation in Mountainous Terrain, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 52–77, 2004.GOIB: Mapas de peligrosidad y riesgo de inundación en la demarcación hidrográfica de Baleares. Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca-Direcció General de Recursos Hídrics, available at: https://www.caib.es/sites/aigua/es/plan_de_ gestion_ del_riesgo_ de_ inundacion_de_ la_ demarcacion_hidrografica_ de_ las_islas_ baleares/ (last access: 15 May 2020), 2016.GOIB: Boletín Oficial de las Islas Baleares (BOIB No. 130) (18/10/2018), Decreto-ley 2/2018, de 18 de octubre, por el que se establecen ayudas y otras medidas urgentes para reparar las pérdidas y los daños producidos por las lluvias intensas y las inundaciones, available at: http://www.caib.es/eboibfront/pdf/ca/2018/130/101958 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.GOIB: El Govern ja ha abonat 30,4 milions d'euros en ajuts i actuacions de preparació de danys produïts per les inundacions del Llevant, English version: The Balearic Government has already paid 30.4 million euros in aid and actions for the damage caused by the floods in the Llevant county, available at: https://www.caib.es/pidip2front/jsp/ca/fitxa-convocatoria/strongel-govern-ja-ha-abonat-304-milions-drsquoeuros-en-ajuts-i-actuacions-de-reparacioacute-de-danys-produiumlts-per-les-inundacions-del-llevantstrongnbsp (last access: 15 May 2020), 2019.Gourley, J. J., Giangrande, S. E., Hong, Y., Flamig, Z. L., Schuur, T., and Vrugt, J. A.: Impacts of Polarimetric Radar Observations on Hydrologic Simulation, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 781–796, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1218.1, 2010.Guijarro, J. A.: Contribución a la Bioclimatología de Baleares, Universitat de les Illes Balears, PhD thesis, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11765/5369 (last access: 30 July 2020), 1986.Hardy, J., Gourley, J., Kirstetter, P., Hong, Y., Kong, F., and Flamig, Z.: A method for probabilistic flash flood forecasting, J. Hydrol., 541, 480–494 2016.Harrison, D., Driscoll, S., and Kitchen, M.: Improving precipitation estimates from weather radar using quality control and correction techniques, Meteorol. Appl., 7, 135–144, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1350482700001468, 2000.Instituto Geográfico Nacional: Digital Terrain Model for Spain obtained from lidar flights, available at: http://centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/locale?request_locale=en (last access: 15 May 2020), 2014.Jordan, F.: Modèle de prévision et de gestion des crues-optimisation des opérations des aménagements hydroélectriques à accumulation pour la réduction des débits de crue, Laboratory of Hydraulic Construction, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 2007.Kalantari, Z., Cavalli, M., Cantone, C., Crema, S., and Destouni, G.: Flood probability quantification for road infrastructure: Data-driven spatial-statistical approach and case study applications, Sci. Total Environ., 581–582, 386–398, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.12.147, 2017.Langhammer, J. and Vacková, T.: Detection and Mapping of the Geomorphic Effects of Flooding Using UAV Photogrammetry, Pure Appl. Geophys., 175, 3223–3245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1874-1, 2018.Laudan, J., Rözer, V., Sieg, T., Vogel, K., and Thieken, A. H.: Damage assessment in Braunsbach 2016: data collection and analysis for an improved understanding of damaging processes during flash floods, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2163–2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2163-2017, 2017.Li, Z., Xu, X., Zhu, J., Xu, C., and Wang, K.: Effects of lithology and geomorphology on sediment yield in karst mountainous catchments, Geomorphology, 343, 119–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.07.001, 2019.Llasat, M. C., Llasat-Botija, M., Petrucci, O., Pasqua, A. A., Rosselló, J., Vinet, F., and Boissier, L.: Towards a database on societal impact of Mediterranean floods within the framework of the HYMEX project, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1337–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1337-2013, 2013.Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Amengual, A., Garcia, C., Morán-Tejeda, E., Homar, V., Maimó-Far, A., Hermoso, A., Ramis, C., and Romero, R.: Hydro-meteorological reconstruction and geomorphological impact assessment of the October 2018 catastrophic flash flood at Sant Llorenç, Mallorca (Spain), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2597–2617, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2597-2019, 2019.Lowe, D.: Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints, Vancouver, available at: https://robo.fish/wiki/images/5/58/Image_Features_ From_ Scale_Invariant_ Keypoints_ Lowe_2004.pdf (last access: 11 September 2019), 2004.Marchi, L., Borga, M., Preciso, E., and Gaume, E.: Characterisation of selected extreme flash floods in Europe and implications for flood risk management, J. Hydrol., 394, 118–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.017, 2010.Marshall, J. S. and Palmer, W. M. K.: The distribution of raindrops with size, J. Meteorol., 5, 165–166, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2, 1948.Merheb, M., Moussa, R., Abdallah, C., Colin, F., Perrin, C., and Baghdadi, N.: Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments at different time scales: a meta-analysis, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 61, 2520–2539, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2016.1140174, 2016.Miao, Q., Yang, D., Yang, H., and Li, Z.: Establishing a rainfall threshold for flash flood warnings in China's mountainous areas based on a distributed hydrological model, J. Hydrol., 541, 371–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.054, 2016.Nguyen, P., Thorstensen, A., Sorooshian, S., Hsu, K., AghaKouchak, A., Sanders, B., Koren, V., Cui, Z., and Smith, M.: A high resolution coupled hydrologic–hydraulic model (HiResFlood-UCI) for flash flood modeling, J. Hydrol., 541, 401–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.10.047, 2016.Petrus, J. M., Ruiz, M., and Estrany, J.: Interactions between Geomorphology and Urban Evolution since Neolithic Times in a Mediterranean City, in: Urban Geomorphology, Landforms and Processes in Cities, edited by: Thornbush, M. J. and Allen, C. D., 9–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811951-8.00002-3, 2018.Piaggesi, D., Sund, K. J., and Castelnovo, W.: Global strategy and practice of e-governance?: examples from around the world, Information Science Reference, available at: https://www.igi-global.com/book/global-strategy-practice-governance/46168 (last access: 30 July 2020), 2011.Plank, S.: Rapid Damage Assessment by Means of Multi-Temporal SAR – A Comprehensive Review and Outlook to Sentinel-1, Remote Sens., 6, 4870–4906, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6064870, 2014.PNOA: Plan Nacional de Ortofotografía Aérea, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Ministerio de Fomento, Gobierno de España, available at: https://pnoa.ign.es/productos_lidar (last access: 15 May 2020), 2015.Pol, J.: Informe INUNBAL Llevant Mallorca 2018, ISO 271/2018, available at: http://www.caib.es/pidip2front/jsp/adjunto?codi=2243620&idioma=ca (last access: 30 July 2020), Marratxí, 2019a.Pol, J.: Predicción y Gestión de Emergencias por Inundaciones, in: International Seminar of Planning and Management of Flood Risks in Mediterranean Environments, INAGEA, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, 2019b.Pons Esteva, A.: Evolució dels usos del sòl a les illes Balears, 1956–2000, Territoris, 4, 129–145, 2003.Schaefli, B., Hingray, B., Niggli, M., and Musy, A.: A conceptual glacio-hydrological model for high mountainous catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 95–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-95-2005, 2005.Segura-Beltrán, F., Sanchis-Ibor, C., Morales-Hernández, M., González-Sanchis, M., Bussi, G., and Ortiz, E.: Using post-flood surveys and geomorphologic mapping to evaluate hydrological and hydraulic models: The flash flood of the Girona River (Spain) in 2007, J. Hydrol., 541, 310–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2016.04.039, 2016.Seo, B. C., Krajewski, W. F., and Qi, Y.: Utility of Vertically Integrated Liquid Water Content for Radar-Rainfall Estimation: Quality Control and Precipitation Type Classification, Atmos. Res., 236, 104800, https

Uncoupling endosomal CLC chloride/proton exchange causes severe neurodegeneration

CLC chloride/proton exchangers may support acidification of endolysosomes and raise their luminal Cl− concentration. Disruption of endosomal ClC‐3 causes severe neurodegeneration. To assess the importance of ClC‐3 Cl−/H+ exchange, we now generate Clcn3unc/unc mice in which ClC‐3 is converted into a Cl− channel. Unlike Clcn3−/− mice, Clcn3unc/unc mice appear normal owing to compensation by ClC‐4 with which ClC‐3 forms heteromers. ClC‐4 protein levels are strongly reduced in Clcn3−/−, but not in Clcn3unc/unc mice because ClC‐3unc binds and stabilizes ClC‐4 like wild‐type ClC‐3. Although mice lacking ClC‐4 appear healthy, its absence in Clcn3unc/unc/Clcn4−/− mice entails even stronger neurodegeneration than observed in Clcn3−/− mice. A fraction of ClC‐3 is found on synaptic vesicles, but miniature postsynaptic currents and synaptic vesicle acidification are not affected in Clcn3unc/unc or Clcn3−/− mice before neurodegeneration sets in. Both, Cl−/H+‐exchange activity and the stabilizing effect on ClC‐4, are central to the biological function of ClC‐3

Trends in HbA1c thresholds for initiation of hypoglycemic agents:Impact of changed recommendations for older and frail patients

Aims: Less strict glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) thresholds have been recommended in older and/or frail type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients than in younger and less frail patients for initiating hypoglycemic agents since 2011. We aimed to assess trends in HbA1c thresholds at initiation of a first hypoglycemic agent(s) in T2D patients and the influence of age and frailty on these trends. Materials and methods: The groningen initiative to analyze type 2 diabetes treatment (GIANTT) database was used, which includes primary care T2D patients from the north of the Netherlands. Patients initiating a first non-insulin hypoglycemic agent(s) between 2008 and 2014 with an HbA1c measurement within 120 days before initiation were included. The influence of calendar year, age, or frailty and the interaction between calendar year and age or frailty were assessed using multilevel regression analyses adjusted for confounders. Results: We included 4588 patients. The mean HbA1c threshold at treatment initiation was 7.4% up to 2010, decreasing to 7.1% in 2011 and increasing to 7.4% in 2014. This quadratic change over the years was significant (P 0.05). Conclusions: HbA1c thresholds at initiation of a first hypoglycemic agent(s) changed significantly over time, showing a decrease after 2010 and an increase after 2012. The HbA1c threshold at initiation was not influenced by age or frailty, which is in contrast with recommendations for more personalized treatment