El ajuste del tiempo de rotación de la tierra en la época prehispánica

The results of this investigation show that the pre-Columbian man discovered that the Earth’s rotation lasted23 hours, 56 minutes and four seconds. In order to registerthis movement, the pre-Columbian man invented theaverage solar day of 24 hours, here the hour had 60 minutesand every minute 60 seconds. In a day, the Earth’s rotationwas ahead to the average solar day by four minutes minusfour seconds, but this difference was of a day less 24 minutesin a year of 360 days. This year, on the other hand, washomologized with a second, so when 60 years had passed,equivalents to 60 seconds (a minute), the Earth’s rotationwas ahead to the average solar day by about 60 days minusa complete day. By such reason, the minute was anotherimportant unit in the computation of the time of Earth’srotation. In this homologation one hour, equivalents to3600 years, this difference amounts to 10 years of 360 days,less two lunations of 30 days each one. In affinity, when thecycle of 24 hours equivalents to 86 400 years was completed,the Earth rotation was ahead of the average solar day by240 years of 360 days, minus four years of 360 days. Inorder to register this movement, the constellations calledMayor Osa and Cassiopeia were used like celestial markersfor a period of time that surpassed 10 000 years from today.Considering the reiterated presence of the used models toadjust the Earth’s time rotation in archaeological sites ofMexico, it is concluded that this was one of the main causesof the pre-Hispanic cultural development.Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que el hombreprecolombino descubrió que la rotación de la Tierra tenía unaduración de 23 horas, 56 minutos y cuatro segundos. Para registrareste movimiento se generó el día solar medio de 24 horas. Cada horatenía 60 minutos y cada minuto 60 segundos. En un día la rotación de latierra se adelantaba al día solar medio cuatro minutos menos cuatrosegundos y esta diferencia ascendía a un día menos 24 minutos en unaño de 360 días. Este año, a su vez, se homologó con un segundo, por loque en 60 años, equivalentes a 60 segundos (un minuto), la rotación dela tierra se adelantaba al día solar medio, 60 días menos un día completo.Por ello, el minuto fue una unidad importante en la computación deltiempo de la rotación de la tierra. En esta homologación una hora equivalea 3600 años, dando una diferencia de 10 años de 360 días, menosdos lunaciones de 30 días cada una. Al completarse 24 horas, equivalentesa 86 400 años, la rotación de la tierra se adelantaba al día solarmedio 240 años de 360 días, menos cuatro años de 360 días. Pararegistrar este movimiento las constelaciones Osa Mayor y Cassiopeiase usaron como marcadores celestes, desde hace más 10 000 años.Dada la presencia reiterada de los modelos utilizados para ajustar eltiempo de la rotación de la tierra, en los sitios arqueológicos de México,se concluye que ésta fue una de las causas principales del desarrollocultural del hombre prehispánico

Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory and Potential Anticancer Capacity of Polysaccharides (Glucans) from Euglena gracilis G.A. Klebs

The present study was carried out to determine the bioactivity of polysaccharides extracted from Euglena gracilis (EgPs). These were characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS. Cytotoxicity analyses (MTT) were performed on healthy human gingival fibroblast cell lines (HGF-1), obtaining an IC50 of 228.66 µg mL−1, and cell lines with anticancer activity for colon cancer (HCT-116), breast cancer (MCF-7), human leukemia (U-937, HL-60) and lung cancer (NCl-H460), showing that EgPs have anticancer activity, mainly in HTC-116 cells (IC50 = 26.1 µg mL−1). The immunological assay determined the immunomodulatory capacity of polysaccharides for the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and TNF-α in human monocytes (THP-1). It was observed that the EgPs had a stimulating capacity in the synthesis of these interleukins. The antioxidant capacity of polysaccharides and their biomass were analyzed using the ABTS method (18.30 ± 0.14% and (5.40 ± 0.56%, respectively, and the DPPH method for biomass (17.79 ± 0.57%). We quantitatively profiled HGF-1 proteins by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis, coupled with 2-plex tandem mass tag labelling, in normal cells. In total, 1346 proteins were identified and quantified with high confidence, of which five were considered to be overexpressed. The data is available through ProteomeXchange, under identifier PXD029076.Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis, Krøyer) from Spanish Bottom Trawl Survey 2009 in NAFO Div. 3LNO

The Spanish Institute of Oceanography carried out in 2010 two bottom trawl surveys in the NAFO Regulatory Area in Division 3NO and 3L during the months of June, July and August respectively. The results on Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) are presented and compared with those from previous surveys from the same series. In 2010 the catch (21 kg.) and estimated biomass (114 t.) confirm the decrease of shrimp importance from 2004 in 3NO. In 3L Division, northern shrimp indices show a drastic decline (49% with respect to 2009) and confirm the downward trend initiated in 2009. Estimated biomass increased from 2003-2006; then, the values of these indices declined in 2007 (about 10%) and increased again in 2008 up to its historical maximum (149265 t.). In 2010 the biomass estimated 37803 t in 3L and 114 t. in 3NO were the lowest in the time series of Spanish . Catch results from the surveys and data analysis are discussed in this paper

Detection of aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with dengue virus as a complementary method for increasing the sensitivity of surveillance: identification of serotypes 1, 2, and 4 by rt-pcr in Quintana Roo, Mexico

Abstract. Sensitivity of monitoring Aedes aegypti (L.) populations was determined to identify the distribution of dengue virus (DENV) during epidemics in Quintana Roo. From September to November 2012, we used a motorized aspirator to collect 2,144 female Ae. aegypti from 569 homes. These were grouped into 220 to use semi-nested RT-PCR for DENV, and positive groups were analyzed individually. Five groups (2.27%) were positive for DENV. Individual analysis yielded eight groups that tested positive, six with DENV-2, one DENV-1, and one DENV-4. The latter was not reported by the surveillance system that year. The mean number of female mosquitoes per household was 3.77 ± 5.71, and the rate of viral infection of Ae. aegypti was 0.4%. Most infected mosquitoes (49%) were concentrated in 10% of the houses. Monitoring Ae. aegypti infected with DENV has the potential to complement the current system of clinical and entomological surveillance

Scarce population genetic differentiation but substantial spatiotemporal phenotypic variation of water‑use efficiency in Pinus sylvestris at its western distribution range

Water and carbon fluxes in forests are largely related to leaf gas exchange physiology varying across spatiotemporal scales and modulated by plant responses to environmental cues. We quantified the relevance of genetic and phenotypic variation of intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi, ratio of net photosynthesis to stomatal conductance of water) in Pinus sylvestris L. growing in the Iberian Peninsula as inferred from tree-ring carbon isotopes. Inter-population genetic variation, evaluated in a provenance trial comprising Spanish and German populations, was low and relevant only at continental scale. In contrast, phenotypic variation, evaluated in natural stands (at spatial level) and by tree-ring chronologies (at temporal inter-annual level), was important and ten- and threefold larger than the population genetic variance, respectively. These results points to preponderance of plastic responses dominating variability in WUEi for this species. Spatial phenotypic variation in WUEi correlated negatively with soil depth (r = − 0.66; p < 0.01), while temporal phenotypic variation was mainly driven by summer precipitation. At the spatial level, WUEi could be scaled-up to ecosystem-level WUE derived from remote sensing data by accounting for soil water-holding capacity (r = 0.63; p < 0.01). This outcome demonstrates a direct influence of the variation of leaf-level WUEi on ecosystem water and carbon balance differentiation. Our findings highlight the contrasting importance of genetic variation (negligible) and plastic responses in WUEi (large, with changes of up to 33% among sites) on determining carbon and water budgets at stand and ecosystem scales in a widespread conifer such as Pinus sylvestris.This work was supported by the Spanish Government [MINECO Grant Number AGL2015-68274-C3-3-R] and the Russian Science Foundation (Project Number 14-14-00219-P, mathematical approach). We acknowledge P. Sopeña and M.J. Pau for technical assistance and V. Muñoz, M. Sala and A. Teixidó for field sampling

Cost analysis of acute stroke care with or without atrial fibrillation

Objetivo. Estimar los costos totales y los componentes del costo de la atención hospitalaria en una serie de pacientes con infarto cerebral agudo (ICA) de gran vaso tratados en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, comparando aquellos con y sin fibrilación auricular (FA). Materiales y Métodos Se recogió una muestra secuencial de pacientes mayores de 50 años entre diciembre de 2010 y marzo de 2013. Para un análisis separado, se realizó un pareamiento por edad y NIHSS de ingreso en proporción 1:1 de pacientes con y sin FA. A todos los pacientes se les registró: edad, sexo, NIHSS de ingreso y egreso, Rankin modificado, y puntaje de CHAD2S2 VASC. En cada paciente se cuantificó el uso de recursos intrahospitalarios así como el costo total de la atención durante el evento agudo, calculado en pesos colombianos. Resultados. Se recogió información de 166 pacientes (125 sin y 41 con FA). El costo total promedio de la atención fue de $8.635.419 (DE$12.929.905). Este valor fue de $10.341.065 (DE$15.130.716) para los pacientes con FA y $8.056.718 (DE$12.114.840) para los pacientes sin FA. Conclusiones. A pesar de un costo de tratamiento mayor en pacientes con FA, que son de mayor edad y tienen infartos cerebrales más severos, la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa cuando se ajustó por edad y por severidad del compromiso neurológico.Artículo original78-82Objective. To estimate the total costs and resource use of hospital care in a series of patients with large vessel ischemic stroke treated at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Materialand Methods. Prospective convenience sample of all patients 50 years of age or older admitted between December 2010 and March 2013 diagnosed with ischemic stroke. Patients with and without atrial fibrillation (AF) were compared. The following variables were measured: age, sex, admission and discharge NIHSS, modified Rankin, and CHA2DS2 VASC score. We also quantified inpatient resource use and total cost of care during the acute event.results. We analyzed 166 patients, 125 without non-valvular AF and 41 with non-valvular AF. For a separate analysis, we matched patients with and without AF (37 per group) by age and initial NIHSS, in a 1:1 ratio. The average total cost of care in Colombian pesos (as of February 2012, 1 US$= COP$1,805) for all stroke patients was $8,635,419 (SD$12,929,905). This value was $10,341,065 (SD$15,130,716) for patients with AF and $8,056,718 (SD$12,114,840) for patients without AF

High genetic diversity on a sample of pre‐Columbian bone remains from Guane territories in northwestern Colombia

Q1Q1Artículo de investigación637-649Ancient DNA was recovered from 17individuals found in a rock shelter in the district of ‘‘LaPurnia’’ (Santander, Colombia). This region is the home-land of pre-Columbian Guane, whom spread over the‘‘Rı ́o Suarez’’ to the ‘‘Rı ́o de Oro’’, and were surroundedto the west by the Central Andes, south and east by foot-hills of Eastern Andes, and north by the ‘‘Chicamocha’’river canyon. Guanes established in a region that strad-dles the Andes and the northern Amazon basin, possiblymaking it an unavoidable conduit for people moving toand from South America. We amplified mtDNA hyper-variable region I (HVI) segments from ancient boneremains, and the resulting sequences were comparedwith both ancient and modern mitochondrial hap-logroups from American and non-American populations. Samples showed a distribution of 35% for haplogroup A,41% for haplogroup B and 24% for haplogroup D. Ninehaplotypes were found in 17 samples, indicating anunusually high genetic diversity on a single site ancientpopulation. Among them, three haplotypes have notbeen previously found in America, two are shared inAsia, and one is a private haplotype. Despite geographi-cal barriers that eventually isolated them, an importantinfluence of gene flow from neighboring pre-Columbiancommunities, mainly Muiscas, could explain the highgenetic polymorphism of this community before theSpanish conquest, and argues against Guanes as being agenetic isolate

A system dynamics model to predict the human monocyte response to endotoxins

System dynamics is a powerful tool that allows modeling of complex and highly networked systems such as those found in the human immune system. We have developed a model that reproduces how the exposure of human monocytes to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) induces an inflammatory state characterized by high production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which is rapidly modulated to enter into a tolerant state, known as endotoxin tolerance (ET). The model contains two subsystems with a total of six states, seven flows, two auxiliary variables, and 14 parameters that interact through six differential and nine algebraic equations. The parameters were estimated and optimized to obtain a model that fits the experimental data obtained from human monocytes treated with various LPS doses. In contrast to publications on other animal models, stimulation of human monocytes with super-low-dose LPSs did not alter the response to a second LPSs challenge, neither inducing ET, nor enhancing the inflammatory response. Moreover, the model confirms the low production of TNFα and increased levels of C-C motif ligand 2 when monocytes exhibit a tolerant state similar to that of patients with sepsis. At present, the model can help us better understand the ET response and might offer new insights on sepsis diagnostics and prognosis by examining the monocyte response to endotoxins in patients with sepsisThis work was supported by grants from the “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (ISCiii), “Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria” (FIS), and Fondos FEDER (PI14/01234, PIE15/00065) to EL-C. EA work contract is supported by the Torres Quevedo program from “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” (SPTQ1300X006175XV0). VT work contract is supported by the “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” (PTA2013-8265-I

Experiencias transformadoras del sentido de vida mediante la labor docente

* Este ensayo surge del proyecto de investigación colectivo de la Maestría en Educación de la Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios – UNIMINUTO titulado “Experiencias de sentido de vida a través de la docencia en profesores colombianos”, cuyo objetivo es comprender los significados que las experiencias profesionales le otorgan sentido de vida a los profesores colombianos iniciado en agosto de 2021 y finalizado en diciembre 2022. RESUMEN El presente ensayo comparte las experiencias vividas en torno al sentido de vida de cinco maestros en ejercicio que trabajan con diferentes poblaciones y zonas de Colombia. Surge como respuesta a las conclusiones de un estudio de corte cualitativo y diseño fenomenológico sobre el sentido de vida a través de la docencia. Adicionalmente, este manuscrito pretende plasmar una apuesta que reivindique las acciones burocráticas en las cuales se ve inmersa la labor docente, analizando entonces sus sentires más profundos y que trascienden el hecho de enseñar. Para ello se narran anécdotas de vivencia en el aula y tras ellas, se realiza un ejercicio hermenéutico en torno a las categorías de análisis de la docencia, la práctica educativa, la experiencia profesional y el sentido de vida. Estas narrativas revelan que ser maestro no sólo influye en la vida de los educandos, sino que también afecta la propia vida del profesor, ya que se asume como hacedor de la realidad a través del ejercicio pedagógico, y, por tanto, vuelve a pensarse la vida para construir el mundo de una manera distinta y mejor. PALABRAS CLAVE: Transformación; Experiencia vivida; Sentido de vida; Docencia; Práctica educativa. Transforming experiences of the meaning of life through teaching work ABSTRACT This essay shares the experiences lived around the meaning of life of five teachers who work with different populations and areas of Colombia. This article arises as a response to the conclusions of a qualitative study and phenomenological design on the meaning of life through teaching. Additionally, this manuscript intends to capture a bet that vindicates the bureaucratic actions in which the teaching work is immersed, then it analyzes deepest feelings that transcend the act of teaching. For this, anecdotes of experience in the classroom are narrated and after them, a hermeneutical exercise is carried out around the categories of analysis of teaching, educational practice, professional experience, and the meaning of life. These narratives reveal that being a teacher not only influences the lives of the students, but also affects the life of the teacher, since he assumes himself as a maker of reality through the pedagogical exercise, and, therefore, rethinks the life to build the world in a different and better way. KEYWORDS: Transformation; Lived experience; Meaning of life; Teaching; Educational practice