New pathways to football refereeing development

The main goal of the present thesis is to contribute to football refereeing development, theoretically and in practice. The thesis includes one theoretical and three empirical studies. Study 1 provides a comprehensive panorama of football refereeing research. Through an integrative review, 267 full text articles, published in peer-review journals, were grouped into seven themes and 54 sub-themes. In addition to summarising the current state of the literature, possible paths for future research on the topic of football refereeing were outlined. Study 2 aims to identify, categorise and analyse the distinctive characteristics of top level referees that excel. Ninety-three subcategories (e.g., leadership, resilience, game reading) and 1833 units emerged from the data analysis process and were grouped into seven themes. Participants’ responses concerned Individual characteristics (82.00%), Group characteristics (14.02%), and Organisational characteristics (3.98%). Study 3, expand the results of the study 2, and based on our analysis of the opinions of 24 football experts, we demonstrate the multidimensionality of excellence in the performance of football referees. Finally, concerning the lack of research on football refereeing teams, Study 4 test how individual and team cognitions promote team adaptation and team performance within the football refereeing context. Results supported our three hypotheses: (i) team adaptation was positively associated with team performance; (ii) self-efficacy affects positively team adaptation; and (iii) as mental model increase within teams, the relationship between self-efficacy and team adaptation will be enhanced. Hence, it was found a mediation indirect effect of self-efficacy on performance through team adaptation. We believe that this thesis summarises the current state of literature on football refereeing and outlines possible paths for future research, not only at the individual level but also at the group / team and organisational level. It also contributes to the identification of the characteristics of high level football referees, aiming to promote the growth of competency development models of different areas (eg., technical, tactical, psychological) and levels (e.g., individual, team), that allow the referee, the refereeing and the football evolution.A presente tese pretende contribuir para o desenvolvimento teórico e prático da arbitragem do futebol. A tese inclui um estudo teórico e três estudos empíricos. O Estudo 1 fornece um panorama abrangente da literatura sobre a arbitragem do futebol. Através de uma revisão integrativa, analisaram-se 267 artigos publicados em revistas científicas com revisão por pares, que foram agrupados em sete temas e 54 subtemas. Além de resumir o estado atual da literatura, foram sugeridas linhas de investigação para a arbitragem do futebol. O Estudo 2 visa identificar, categorizar e analisar as características distintivas dos árbitros de topo que se destacam entre pares. Noventa e três subcategorias (por exemplo, liderança, resiliência, leitura do jogo) e 1833 unidades emergiram do processo de análise de dados e foram agrupadas em sete temas. As respostas dos participantes diziam respeito a características individuais (82,00%), características de grupo (14,02%) e características organizacionais (3,98%). O Estudo 3, expande os resultados do estudo 2. A análise das opiniões de 24 especialistas em futebol, evidenciou a multidimensionalidade da excelência no desempenho dos árbitros de futebol. Finalmente, considerando a falta de investigação sobre as equipas de arbitragem que dirigem os jogos de futebol, o Estudo 4 testa como as cognições individuais e de equipa promovem a adaptação e o desempenho da equipa de arbitragem. Os resultados sustentaram as três hipóteses que formulámos: (i) a adaptação da equipa foi positivamente associada ao desempenho da mesma; (ii) a autoeficácia afeta positivamente a adaptação da equipa; e (iii) o aumento do modelo mental das equipas, contribuirá para o aumenta da relação entre a autoeficácia e a adaptação da equipa. Verificou-se, também, a existência de um efeito indireto de mediação da autoeficácia no desempenho, por meio da adaptação da equipa. Acreditamos que esta tese resume o estado atual da literatura sobre a arbitragem do futebol e delineia caminhos possíveis para futuras pesquisas, não apenas ao nível individual, mas também ao nível de grupo / equipa e organizacional. Contribui, também, para a identificação das características dos árbitros de futebol de alto nível, com o objetivo de se criarem modelos de desenvolvimento de competências de diferentes áreas (ex: técnica, tática, mental) e níveis (ex: individual, equipa), que permitam a evolução do árbitro, da arbitragem e do futebol

Influência da modelação de elementos não estruturais no dimensionamento à acção sísmica

Realizou-se um estudo paramétrico sobre a influência de elementos não estruturais, executados em betão, no dimensionamento de elementos estruturais de betão armado, face às acções sísmicas regulamentares

A multi-driven approach to requirements analysis of data warehouse model: A case study

In this paper, a multi-driven approach to data modeling in data warehousing will be presented, which integrates three existing approaches normally used separately: goal-driven, user-driven and data-driven; and two approaches usually not used in data warehousing field: process-driven and technology-driven. Goal-driven approach produces subjects and KPI’s (Key Performance Indicators) of main business fields. User-driven approach produces analytical requirements represented by measures and dimensions of each subject. Process-driven approach propose improvements in business processes (by using and creating subject oriented enterprise data model) to satisfy the KPI’s, measures and dimensions identified in the previous approaches. Technology-driven approach is an enabler or an obstacle to be considered in a data warehouse model. Data-driven approach is a combination of the results of previous approaches and results in a data warehouse model. By using a multi-driven approach with five stages, a layered data warehouse model more aligned with business and individual needs can be obtained. This will be illustrated by using examples of a case study

Editorial for the special issue on micro/nanofluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for biomedical applications

Micro/Nanofluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices have been increasingly used in biomedical research [...

Lattice sites of implanted Cu and Ag in ZnO

The group $\textrm{I}$b impurities Cu and Ag on substitutional Zn sites are among possible candidates for p-type doping of ZnO. In order to explore possible lattice sites of Cu and Ag in ZnO the radioactive impurities $^{67}\!$Cu and $^{111}\!$Ag were implanted at doses of $4\!\times\!10^{12}$cm$^{-2}\to1\!\times\!10^{14}$cm$^{-2}$ at 60 keV into ZnO single crystals. The emission channeling effects of \beta\!^{-} -particles from the decay were studied by means of position-sensitive electron detectors, giving direct evidence that in the as-implanted state large fractions of Cu and Ag atoms (60--70% for Cu and 30% for Ag) occupy almost ideal substitutional Zn sites with root mean square (rms) displacements of 0.014--0.017 nm. However, following vacuum annealing at 600 °C and above both Cu and Ag were found to be located increasingly on sites that are characterized by large rms displacements (0.03--0.05 nm) from Zn sites. We conclude that in high-temperature treated ZnO Cu and Ag are most likely not simply replacing Zn atoms but are incorporated in complexes with other crystal defects or as clusters

Information systems development course: integrating business, IT and IS competencies

Information systems development (ISD) is a capstone course in the Information Systems and Technology undergraduate program at School of Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal. ISD is viewed as an organizational change project that aims at improving an organization through the adoption of IT applications. The course is designed following a project led approach. The project involves describing an organization as a system, describing its information handling activities and proposing a set of IT applications that could be adopted and used. Students are guided by a ISD methodology that demands the application of previous developed competencies in areas such as: organization theory, accounting, marketing, information systems fundamentals, data bases, software engineering, computer networks and several other IT courses. Together with the ISD course, students are also taking courses on organizational behavior and data-warehousing. Students are organized into large teams of 10 to 12 members. Several roles are distributed among team members: e.g., team leader, analyst, document officer, technology officer, methodologist, development tools specialist, IT specialist. Students are suggested a fictional organization in a specific business area. Ideally students should deal with a real organization. As the course is having around 100 students enrolled this is not possible. However it is common that each project team finds an organization in the proposed business area where they go and have actual contact with an organization. The main outputs of the project include: project plan; organization description including - purpose, environment, main activities, business ontology, main performance indicators; general information systems description using UML; requirements for an IT application; IT architecture. One of the most important steps of the project is to decide on what IT to suggest to the organization. The decision should take into consideration the capability of current IT, the specifics of the business area and its current practices. Besides the reports, each team makes two public presentations. The first one is to present the organization description making sure business is clearly understood. The final one is to present the solution in terms of information systems and IT architecture. These presentations are attended by industry guests that focus their attention on the students' communication skills from the perspective of a manager. The evaluation of students' performance is based on: reports corresponding to the outputs mentioned above; public presentations; weekly assessments of the teams' progress. The final mark attributed to each team (a numerical value from 0 to 20, where above 10 is a pass) can be re-distributed among team members, by themselves, in order to account for different levels of commitment or effort within the team. Several other rules are set in order to promote professional behavior.(undefined

MUSICEMBRIOLOGY IN CHILDREN EURODEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW

Introdução: A musicoembriologia engloba a audição de música durante a gravidez, com o objetivo de melhorar a relação materno-fetal e o neurodesenvolvimento infantil. Contudo, a relação entre estes ainda não está bem estabelecida, pelo que permanece um tema controverso. Objetivo: Rever a evidência disponível sobre o impacto da audição de música durante a gravidez no neurodesenvolvimento infantil. Material e Métodos: Pesquisa de meta-análises (MA), revisões sistemáticas (RS), ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e contro- lados (ECAC), e normas de orientação clinica (NOC), em inglês e português, publicados entre 01/2004 e 04/2014, nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, sítios de medicina baseada na evidência e Índex de Revistas Médicas Portuguesas, utilizando os termos MeSH: music; pregnancy; child; neurodevelopment. Para a avaliação dos níveis de evidência (NE) e atribuição de forças de recomendação (FR) foi utilizada a escala SORT (Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy) da American Family Phisician. Resultados: Foram encontrados onze artigos, dos quais quatro foram selecionados: três ECAC e uma RS. Um ECAC (NE 1) mostrou melhoria significativa do comportamento neonatal nas crianças cujas mães ouviram música durante a gravidez. Outro ECAC (NE 2) demonstrou uma melhoria da relação ma- terno-fetal com a musicoembriologia. Outro ECAC (NE3) e a RS (FR B) demonstraram que o ambiente intrauterino é importante no neurodesenvolvimento neonatal, sobretudo no desenvolvi- mento do córtex cerebral motor e neurosensorial. Conclusões: A evidência disponível demonstrou que a au- dição de música durante o período embrionário apresenta benefício no neurodesenvolvimento infantil. (FR B) No entanto os estudos obtidos são em número reduzido e apresentam grande heterogeneidade em termos metodológicos. São necessários mais estudos, com populações controladas e metodologia semelhantes, para a recomendação global desta medida.Introduction: Musicembriology is music listening during pregnancy, in order to improve maternal-fetal relationship and child neurodevelopment. However, their relationship is not well established, so it remains a controversial issue. Objective: Review of the available evidence on the impact of music listening during pregnancy on children’s neurodevelopment. Methods: Meta-analysis research, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and standards of clinical orientation, in English and Portuguese languages, published between 01/2004 and 04/2014, on the basis Pubmed / Medline, medical sites based on evidence and Portuguese Index of Medical Journal, using the MeSH terms: music; pregnancy; child; neurodevelopment. For the assessment of levels of evidence (NE) and award recommendation forces (FR) scale SORT was used (Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy) of the American Family Physician. Results: Eleven articles were found, four of which were selected: three randomized controlled trials and one systematic review. A randomized controlled trial (NE 1) showed significant improvement in neonatal behavior in children whose mothers listened to music during pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial (NE 2) showed an improvement of maternal-fetal relationship with musicoembriology. Another randomized controlled trial (NE3) and a systematic review (B FR) showed that the intrauterine environment is important in the neonatal brain development, especially the development of the motor and sensorineural cerebral cortex. Conclusion: The available evidence showed that music listening during the embryonic period shows benefit in children’s neurodevelopment. (FR B) However, those obtained studies are few in number and have great heterogeneity in methodological terms. Further studies are needed with controlled populations and similar methodology for the overall recommendation of this measur

Nação e identidade:a singularidade de Cabo Verde

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais na especialidade de História dos Factos SociaisA construção da nação cabo-verdiana decorreu de processos históricos, de movimentos culturais e da formação de uma consciência nacional, resultado de uma particularidade histórica, social, cultural e política que se iniciou com o desencadear do povoamento. Apesar da base da formação da identidade cabo-verdiana estar intrinsecamente ligada ao passado da formação social engendrada nas ilhas, esta tem vindo a afirmar-se com as suas singularidades, permitindo o reconhecimento da cultura, dos padrões e normas orientadoras de um conjunto de manifestações socioculturais. Pretende-se aqui analisar e explicar a formação da identidade e construção da nação, tendo-se optado em termos metodológicos por uma abordagem interdisciplinar que se inscreve na análise e interpretação da história dos factos sociais. Recorreu-se à pesquisa bibliográfica e à utilização de entrevistas com membros das elites cabo-verdianas que directa ou indirectamente estiveram implicadas neste processo. A formação da identidade sucedeu de uma forma particular, e esta tem sido alvo de debates pelas elites culturais que procuram explicar este fenómeno. Se por um lado, após o povoamento das ilhas do arquipélago, já se arquitectava uma identidade ainda que de forma incipiente, por outro, esta mesma permitiu, ao longo do tempo, a construção do Estado-Nação decorrente de um percurso sócio-histórico singular de entre as demais nações africanas.The building of the Cape Verdean nation arose from historical processes, cultural movements and the formation of a national awareness, as the result of a historical, social, cultural and political particularity that began with the start of the settlement process. Although the basis of the formation of Cape Verdean identity is intrinsically linked to the past of the social formation engendered on the islands, it has been asserting itself with its singularities, allowing the acknowledgement of the culture, the standards and the guidelines of a set of socio-cultural manifestations. We intend to analyse and explain here the formation of identity and the building of the nation, having chosen, in methodological terms, an interdisciplinary approach within the framework of the analysis and interpretation of the history of social facts. We have resorted to bibliographical research and to the use of interviews to members of the Cape Verdean elites who were directly or indirectly involved in this process. The formation of identity proceeded in a particular way, and it has been the subject of debate among the cultural elites who seek to explain this phenomenon. If on the one hand, after the settlement of the archipelago islands, an identity was already being planned though in an incipient way, on the other hand, this allowed, over time, the building of the Nation-State arising from a singular socio-historical course among the other African nations.N/