Empirical approach to the effect of social capital on the lifestyle, eating habits and weight status of a sample of Catalan adolescents. A specific focus on the family environment in different socioeconomic contexts

El capital social, definit com els recursos als quals es té accés gràcies a la participació en grups o xarxes, ha estat reconegut com un determinant social de la salut. No obstant, el seu efecte ha estat poc investigat en relació a l’obesitat i les conductes de salut relacionades en població adolescent. Els mecanismes a través dels quals el capital social influencia diferents aspectes de la salut no estan suficientment descrits. A més, un espai poc explorat en l’estudi del capital social és el context familiar. L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi doctoral és, doncs, investigar l’efecte del capital social en l’estil de vida, hàbits alimentaris i estatus ponderal d’una mostra d’adolescents catalans de diferents contextos socioeconòmics, amb un focus específic en l’entorn familiar. Els resultats indiquen que els diferents constructes del capital social actuen de manera separada i ens han permès caracteritzar alguns dels diversos mecanismes a través dels quals influeixen en l’estil de vida i conductes de salut en adolescents. Així mateix, en el marc d’aquesta recerca, alts nivells de capital social familiar són el factor més protector vers als indicadors de salut estudiats, i la seva influencia preval sobre el nivell socioeconòmic com a principal predictor social de salut en el nostre estudi. Investigacions futures haurien de contribuir a redefinir el paper del capital social en diferents àmbits, especialment el familiar, com a determinant social de la salut en els adolescents i en relació a altres determinants de la salut.El capital social, definido como los recursos a los cuales se tiene acceso gracias a la participación en grupos o redes, ha sido reconocido como un determinante social de la salud. Sin embargo, su efecto ha sido poco investigado en relación a la obesidad y las conductas de salud relacionadas en población adolescente. Los mecanismos a través de los cuales el capital social influencia diferentes aspectos de la salud no están suficientemente descritos. Además, un espacio poco explorado en el estudio del capital social es el contexto familiar. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es, pues, investigar el efecto del capital social en el estilo de vida, hábitos alimentarios y el estado ponderal de una muestra de adolescentes catalanes de diferentes contextos socioeconómicos, con un foco específico en el entorno familiar. Los resultados indican que los diferentes constructos del capital social actúan de forma separada y nos han permitido caracterizar alguno de los diversos mecanismos a través de los cuales influyen en el estilo de vida y conductas de salud en adolescentes. Así mismo, en el marco de esta investigación. Altos niveles de capital social familiar son el factor más protector hacia los indicadores de estudiados, y su influencia prevalece sobre el nivel socioeconómico como principal predictor social de salud en nuestro estudio. Investigaciones futuras deberían contribuir a redefinir el papel del capital social en diferentes ámbitos, especialmente el familiar, como determinante social de la salud en los adolescentes y en relación a otros determinantes de la salud.Social capital, described as the resources that can be accessed thanks to the membership in groups or networks, has been recognized as social determinant of health. However, its effect has been little investigated in relation to obesity and its health related behaviors and in adolescent population. The pathways through which it influences different health outcomes are not sufficiently described. Furthermore, one glaring gap in the social capital related literature is the family domain. Thus, the overall aim of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of social capital on the lifestyle, eating habits and weight status of a sample of Catalan adolescents from different socioeconomic context, with a specific focus on the family environment. Results show that the different constructs of social capital act separately and have allowed to characterize some of the several mechanisms through which they influence lifestyle and health behaviors in adolescents. In the framework of this research, higher levels of social capital in the family domain are the most protective factor for the health outcomes included in this investigation, and its influence on health outplace socioeconomic status as the main social predictor of health in our study. Further research should contribute to refine the role of social capital in different domains, especially the family context, as a social determinant of health in adolescents and in relation to other determinants of health

"Antelope": a hybrid-logic model checker for branching-time Boolean GRN analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Thomas' formalism for modeling gene regulatory networks (GRNs), <it>branching time</it>, where a state can have <it>more than one possible future</it>, plays a prominent role. By representing a certain degree of unpredictability, branching time can model several important phenomena, such as (a) asynchrony, (b) incompletely specified behavior, and (c) interaction with the environment. Introducing more than one possible future for a state, however, creates a difficulty for ordinary simulators, because <it>infinitely many </it>paths may appear, limiting ordinary simulators to statistical conclusions. <it>Model checkers </it>for branching time, by contrast, are able to prove properties in the presence of infinitely many paths.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have developed <it>Antelope </it>("Analysis of Networks through TEmporal-LOgic sPEcifications", <url>http://turing.iimas.unam.mx:8080/AntelopeWEB/</url>), a model checker for analyzing and constructing Boolean GRNs. Currently, software systems for Boolean GRNs use branching time almost exclusively for asynchrony. <it>Antelope</it>, by contrast, also uses branching time for incompletely specified behavior and environment interaction. We show the usefulness of modeling these two phenomena in the development of a Boolean GRN of the <it>Arabidopsis thaliana </it>root stem cell niche.</p> <p>There are two obstacles to a direct approach when applying model checking to Boolean GRN analysis. First, ordinary model checkers normally only verify whether or not a <it>given </it>set of model states has a given property. In comparison, a model checker for Boolean GRNs is preferable if it <it>reports </it>the set of states having a desired property. Second, for efficiency, the expressiveness of many model checkers is limited, resulting in the inability to express some interesting properties of Boolean GRNs.</p> <p><it>Antelope </it>tries to overcome these two drawbacks: Apart from reporting the set of all states having a given property, our model checker can express, at the expense of efficiency, some properties that ordinary model checkers (e.g., NuSMV) cannot. This additional expressiveness is achieved by employing a logic extending the standard Computation-Tree Logic (CTL) with hybrid-logic operators.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We illustrate the advantages of <it>Antelope </it>when (a) modeling incomplete networks and environment interaction, (b) exhibiting the set of all states having a given property, and (c) representing Boolean GRN properties with hybrid CTL.</p

Analysis of gender perspective in the use of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses: A systematic review

Aim: To identify, describe and analyse the gender perspective in the use of the diagnoses contained in the NANDA-I taxonomy in observational studies published in the scientific literature. Design and methods: A systematic review has been conducted spanning from 2002 to 2020. The most frequent NANDA-I nursing diagnoses in care plans reported in observational studies, and the defining characteristics and related factors identified for men and women have been described. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA-P) have guided our research. The main findings have been summarized using a descriptive narrative synthesis approach.Results: Forty-one articles were included in our study. With regard to gender analysis, the percentage of men and women that make up the sample were not specified in all articles, and half of the studies did not identify gender either in the diagnosis label or in their defining characteristics or related factors. Based on the reviewed articles, gender perspectives are not systematically incorporated in the use of the NANDA-I diagnosis. Therefore, gender biases in its use in the scientific literature may exist. This situation poses barriers to determine the health responses that are different and unequal between women and men

Defining a competency framework for health and social professionals to promote healthy aging throughout the lifespan: an international Delphi study

The promotion of healthy aging has become a priority in most parts of the world and should be promoted at all ages. However, the baseline training of health and social professionals is currently not adequately tailored to these challenges. This paper reports the results of a Delphi study conducted to reach expert agreement about health and social professionals’ competencies to promote healthy aging throughout the lifespan within the SIENHA project. Materials and methods: This study was developed following the CREDES standards. The initial version of the competence framework was based on the results of a scoping review and following the CanMEDS model. The expert panel consisted of a purposive sample of twenty-two experts in healthy aging with diverse academic and clinical backgrounds, fields and years of expertise from seven European countries. Agreement was reached after three rounds. The final framework consisted of a set of 18 key competencies and 80 enabling competencies distributed across six domains. The SIENHA competence framework for healthy aging may help students and educators enrich their learning and the academic content of their subjects and/or programs and incentivize innovation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Professional competences to promote healthy ageing across the lifespan: a scoping review

As societies age, the development of resources and strategies that foster healthy ageing from the beginning of life become increasingly important. Social and healthcare professionals are key agents in this process; therefore, their training needs to be in agreement with societal needs. We performed a scoping review on professional competences for social and health workers to adequately promote healthy ageing throughout life, using the framework described by Arksey and O’Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute Guidelines. A stakeholder consultation was held in each of the participating countries, in which 79 experts took part. Results show that current literature has been excessively focused on the older age and that more attention on how to work with younger population groups is needed. Likewise, not all disciplines have equally refected on their role before this challenge and interprofessional approaches, despite showing promise, have not been sufciently described. Based on our results, health and social professionals working to promote healthy ageing across the lifespan will need sound competences regarding person-centred communication, professional communication, technology applications, physiological and pathophysiological aspects of ageing, social and environmental aspects, cultural diversity, programs and policies, ethics, general and basic skills, context and self-management-related skills, health promotion and disease prevention skills, educational and research skills, leadership skills, technological skills and clinical reasoning. Further research should contribute to establishing which competences are more relevant to each discipline and at what level they should be taught, as well as how they can be best implemented to efectively transform health and social care systems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desafíos alimentarios para un mundo que envejece

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Aplicaciones de la inteligencia artifical en la nutrición y dietética: Más allá de los asistentes virtuales

[ES] Aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en la nutrición y dietética:Más allá de los asistentes virtualesS

Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies

Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease have increased the scope of biological knowledge about the disease over the past decade. We aimed to use the largest aggregate of GWAS data to identify novel risk loci and gain further insight into the causes of Parkinson's disease. Methods We did a meta-analysis of 17 datasets from Parkinson's disease GWAS available from European ancestry samples to nominate novel loci for disease risk. These datasets incorporated all available data. We then used these data to estimate heritable risk and develop predictive models of this heritability. We also used large gene expression and methylation resources to examine possible functional consequences as well as tissue, cell type, and biological pathway enrichments for the identified risk factors. Additionally, we examined shared genetic risk between Parkinson's disease and other phenotypes of interest via genetic correlations followed by Mendelian randomisation. Findings Between Oct 1, 2017, and Aug 9, 2018, we analysed 7·8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in 37 688 cases, 18 618 UK Biobank proxy-cases (ie, individuals who do not have Parkinson's disease but have a first degree relative that does), and 1·4 million controls. We identified 90 independent genome-wide significant risk signals across 78 genomic regions, including 38 novel independent risk signals in 37 loci. These 90 variants explained 16–36% of the heritable risk of Parkinson's disease depending on prevalence. Integrating methylation and expression data within a Mendelian randomisation framework identified putatively associated genes at 70 risk signals underlying GWAS loci for follow-up functional studies. Tissue-specific expression enrichment analyses suggested Parkinson's disease loci were heavily brain-enriched, with specific neuronal cell types being implicated from single cell data. We found significant genetic correlations with brain volumes (false discovery rate-adjusted p=0·0035 for intracranial volume, p=0·024 for putamen volume), smoking status (p=0·024), and educational attainment (p=0·038). Mendelian randomisation between cognitive performance and Parkinson's disease risk showed a robust association (p=8·00 × 10−7). Interpretation These data provide the most comprehensive survey of genetic risk within Parkinson's disease to date, to the best of our knowledge, by revealing many additional Parkinson's disease risk loci, providing a biological context for these risk factors, and showing that a considerable genetic component of this disease remains unidentified. These associations derived from European ancestry datasets will need to be followed-up with more diverse data. Funding The National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health (USA), The Michael J Fox Foundation, and The Parkinson's Foundation (see appendix for full list of funding sources)

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life