609 research outputs found
Super and Sub-Poissonian photon statistics for single molecule spectroscopy
We investigate the distribution of the number of photons emitted by a single
molecule undergoing a spectral diffusion process and interacting with a
continuous wave laser field. The spectral diffusion is modeled based on a
stochastic approach, in the spirit of the Anderson-Kubo line shape theory.
Using a generating function formalism we solve the generalized optical Bloch
equations, and obtain an exact analytical formula for the line shape and
Mandel's Q parameter. The line shape exhibits well known behaviors, including
motional narrowing when the stochastic modulation is fast, and power
broadening. The Mandel parameter, describing the line shape fluctuations,
exhibits a transition from a Quantum sub-Poissonian behavior in the fast
modulation limit, to a classical super-Poissonian behavior found in the slow
modulation limit. Our result is applicable for weak and strong laser field,
namely for arbitrary Rabi frequency. We show how to choose the Rabi frequency
in such a way that the Quantum sub-Poissonian nature of the emission process
becomes strongest. A lower bound on is found, and simple limiting behaviors
are investigated. A non-trivial behavior is obtained in the intermediate
modulation limit, when the time scales for spectral diffusion and the life time
of the excited state, become similar. A comparison is made between our results,
and previous ones derived based on the semi-classical generalized
Wiener--Khintchine theorem.Comment: 14 Phys. Rev style pages, 10 figure
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Characteristics and influence of biosmoke on the fine-particle ionic composition measured in Asian outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) experiment
Quantifying Biochemical alterations in Brown and subcutaneous White adipose Tissues of Mice Using Fourier Transform infrared Widefield imaging
Stimulating increased thermogenic activity in adipose tissue is an important biological target for obesity treatment, and label-free imaging techniques with the potential to quantify stimulation-associated biochemical changes to the adipose tissue are highly sought after. In this study, we used spatially resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging to quantify biochemical changes caused by cold exposure in the brown and subcutaneous white adipose tissues (BAT and s-WAT) of 6 week-old C57BL6 mice exposed to 30°C (N = 5), 24°C (N = 5), and 10°C (N = 5) conditions for 10 days. Fat exposed to colder temperatures demonstrated greater thermogenic activity as indicated by increased messenger RNA expression levels of a panel of thermogenic marker genes including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and Dio2. Protein to lipid ratio, calculated from the ratio of the integrated area from 1,600 to 1,700 cm−1 (amide I) to the integrated area from 2,830 to 2,980 cm−1 (saturated lipids), was elevated in 10°C BAT and s-WAT compared to 24°C (p = 0.004 and p \u3c 0.0001) and 30°C (p = 0.0033 and p \u3c 0.0001). Greater protein to lipid ratio was associated with greater UCP-1 expression level in the BAT (p = 0.021) and s-WAT (p = 0.032) and greater Dio2 expression in s-WAT (p = 0.033). The degree of unsaturation, calculated from the ratio of the integrated area from 2,992 to 3,020 cm−1 (unsaturated lipids) to the integrated area from 2,830 to 2,980 cm−1 (saturated lipids), showed stepwise decreases going from colder-exposed to warmer-exposed BAT. Complementary 1H NMR measurements confirmed the findings from this ratio in BAT. Principal component analysis applied to FTIR spectra revealed pronounced differences in overall spectral characteristics between 30, 24, and 10°C BAT and s-WAT. Spatially resolved FTIR imaging is a promising technique to quantify cold-induced biochemical changes in BAT and s-WAT in a label-free manner
Sensitivity and back-action in charge qubit measurements by a strongly coupled single-electron transistor
We consider charge-qubit monitoring (continuous-in-time weak measurement) by
a single-electron transistor (SET) operating in the sequential-tunneling
regime. We show that commonly used master equations for this regime are not of
the Lindblad form that is necessary and sufficient for guaranteeing valid
physical states. In this paper we derive a Lindblad-form master equation and a
corresponding quantum trajectory model for continuous measurement of the charge
qubit by a SET. Our approach requires that the SET-qubit coupling be strong
compared to the SET tunnelling rates. We present an analysis of the quality of
the qubit measurement in this model (sensitivity versus back-action).
Typically, the strong coupling when the SET island is occupied causes
back-action on the qubit beyond the quantum back-action necessary for its
sensitivity, and hence the conditioned qubit state is mixed. However, in one
strongly coupled, asymmetric regime, the SET can approach the limit of an ideal
detector with an almost pure conditioned state. We also quantify the quality of
the SET using more traditional concepts such as the measurement time and
decoherence time, which we have generalized so as to treat the strongly
responding regime.Comment: About 11 pages, 6 figures. Changes in v2: we made general
improvements to the manuscript including, but not limited to(!), the removal
of one reference, and modification of the footnote
Quantum trajectories for the realistic measurement of a solid-state charge qubit
We present a new model for the continuous measurement of a coupled quantum
dot charge qubit. We model the effects of a realistic measurement, namely
adding noise to, and filtering, the current through the detector. This is
achieved by embedding the detector in an equivalent circuit for measurement.
Our aim is to describe the evolution of the qubit state conditioned on the
macroscopic output of the external circuit. We achieve this by generalizing a
recently developed quantum trajectory theory for realistic photodetectors [P.
Warszawski, H. M. Wiseman and H. Mabuchi, Phys. Rev. A_65_ 023802 (2002)] to
treat solid-state detectors. This yields stochastic equations whose (numerical)
solutions are the ``realistic quantum trajectories'' of the conditioned qubit
state. We derive our general theory in the context of a low transparency
quantum point contact. Areas of application for our theory and its relation to
previous work are discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Shorter, significantly modified, updated versio
Obtaining the Neutrino Mixing Matrix with the Tetrahedral Group
We discuss various "minimalist'' schemes to derive the neutrino mixing matrix
using the tetrahedral group $A_{4}.
Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission
A new inventory of air pollutant emissions in Asia in the year 2006 is developed to support the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B) funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Emissions are estimated for all major anthropogenic sources, excluding biomass burning. We estimate total Asian anthropogenic emissions in the year 2006 as follows: 47.1 Tg SO2, 36.7 Tg NOx, 298.2 Tg CO, 54.6 Tg NMVOC, 29.2 Tg PM10, 22.2 Tg PM2.5, 2.97 Tg BC, and 6.57 Tg OC. We emphasize emissions from China because they dominate the Asia pollutant outflow to the Pacific and the increase of emissions from China since 2000 is of great concern. We have implemented a series of improved methodologies to gain a better understanding of emissions from China, including a detailed technology-based approach, a dynamic methodology representing rapid technology renewal, critical examination of energy statistics, and a new scheme of NMVOC speciation for model-ready emissions. We estimate China's anthropogenic emissions in the year 2006 to be as follows: 31.0 Tg SO2, 20.8 Tg NOx, 166.9 Tg CO, 23.2 Tg NMVOC, 18.2 Tg PM10, 13.3 Tg PM2.5, 1.8 Tg BC, and 3.2 Tg OC. We have also estimated 2001 emissions for China using the same methodology and found that all species show an increasing trend during 2001-2006: 36% increase for SO2, 55% for NOx, 18% for CO, 29% for VOC, 13% for PM10, and 14% for PM2.5, BC, and OC. Emissions are gridded at a resolution of 30 minW30 min and can be accessed at our web site (mic.greenresource.cn/intex-b2006)
Beyond Crowd Judgments: Data-driven Estimation of Market Value in Association Football
Association football is a popular sport, but it is also a big business. From a managerial perspective, the
most important decisions that team managers make concern player transfers, so issues related to player
valuation, especially the determination of transfer fees and market values, are of major concern. Market
values can be understood as estimates of transfer fees—that is, prices that could be paid for a player
on the football market—so they play an important role in transfer negotiations. These values have traditionally been estimated by football experts, but crowdsourcing has emerged as an increasingly popular
approach to estimating market value. While researchers have found high correlations between crowdsourced market values and actual transfer fees, the process behind crowd judgments is not transparent,
crowd estimates are not replicable, and they are updated infrequently because they require the participation of many users. Data analytics may thus provide a sound alternative or a complementary approach
to crowd-based estimations of market value. Based on a unique data set that is comprised of 4217 players from the top five European leagues and a period of six playing seasons, we estimate players’ market
values using multilevel regression analysis. The regression results suggest that data-driven estimates of
market value can overcome several of the crowd’s practical limitations while producing comparably accurate numbers. Our results have important implications for football managers and scouts, as data analytics
facilitates precise, objective, and reliable estimates of market value that can be updated at any time
Continuous quantum measurement of two coupled quantum dots using a point contact: A quantum trajectory approach
We obtain the finite-temperature unconditional master equation of the density
matrix for two coupled quantum dots (CQD) when one dot is subjected to a
measurement of its electron occupation number using a point contact (PC). To
determine how the CQD system state depends on the actual current through the PC
device, we use the so-called quantum trajectory method to derive the
zero-temperature conditional master equation. We first treat the electron
tunneling through the PC barrier as a classical stochastic point process (a
quantum-jump model). Then we show explicitly that our results can be extended
to the quantum-diffusive limit when the average electron tunneling rate is very
large compared to the extra change of the tunneling rate due to the presence of
the electron in the dot closer to the PC. We find that in both quantum-jump and
quantum-diffusive cases, the conditional dynamics of the CQD system can be
described by the stochastic Schr\"{o}dinger equations for its conditioned state
vector if and only if the information carried away from the CQD system by the
PC reservoirs can be recovered by the perfect detection of the measurements.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figures, RevTex, onecolumn, to appear in Phys. Rev.
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