Cambios estructurales y de contenido entre la 22.ª ed. (2001) y la 23.ª (2014) del Diccionario de la Real Academia Española

The 23rd edition of the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, also known as Edición del Tricentenario, was published the 16th of October 2014, coinciding with the third anniversary of the foundation of the Real Academia Española (DRAE, 2014: X). The present article analyses both the structural and content changes occurred between the 22nd edition (2001) and the most recent one, the 23rd edition (2014). We study the changes affecting the distribution of entries and information within each definition as well as the marking of such information. Changes regarding the information contained between brackets and the abbreviation and symbols used are also studied. We review those affecting the writing of words and the disposition of entries. Modified articles are also examined and possible future repercussions of the above mentioned changes are suggested.La 23.ª edición del Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, se publicó el 16 de octubre del 2014, coincidiendo con el tercer aniversario de la fundación de la Real Academia Española (DRAE 2014: X). El presente artículo analiza los cambios, tanto estructurales como de contenido, entre las ediciones del siglo XXI, es decir, entre la 22.ª edición (2001) y la 23.ª edición (2014) del DRAE. En relación con los primeros, se estudian los cambios que afectan a la distribución de las entradas, a la información contenida en estas y a la marcación de dicha información. También se analizan los cambios en la información del paréntesis y en la tabla de abreviaturas y símbolos empleados. Respecto a los segundos, se revisan los que afectan a la escritura de las palabras y a la disposición de las acepciones. Por último, se examinan también los artículos enmendados y se plantea la repercusión que estos cambios puedan tener en el futuro

El camí de la intel·ligència artificial al món del dret : pot la intel·ligència artificial vèncer a la COVID-19?

Aquest treball té com objecte d'estudi la intel·ligència artificial i la seva incidencia al context social actual. El concepte d'intel·ligència artificial encara queda molt lluny de comprensió per gran part de la població mundial, no obstant, és la major preocupació a nivell internacional per la revolució que aquesta està causant a la societat. El present treball permetrà veure com els sistemes intel·ligents són una arma de doble fil a través de l'anàlisi dels dos punts de vista antagònics que recauen sobre la matèria: el seu impacte positiu i la seva capacitat de destruir el món. Finalment, la societat viu confinada des de mitjans de març i els mitjans de comunicació només parlen les 24 hores del dia sobre la COVID-19, motiu pel qual aquest treball pretén reflexionar sobre les mesures d'intel·ligència artificial preses a nivell governamental per aturar la pandèmia (des de la geolocalització fins a les càmeres de vigilància als carrers) i la intromissió que aquestes poden suposar al Dret a la privacitat dels individus

UGC-pelin toteutus HTML5-tekniikalla

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia HTML5-tekniikan soveltuvuutta ja mahdollisuuksia pelien kehittämiseen Yleisradion lasten ja nuorten Internet-palveluiden tarpeiden näkökulmasta. Sen tarkoituksena oli kehittää ominaisuuksiltaan monipuolinen HTML5-peli joka painottaa luovaa ongelmanratkaisua ja käyttäjien tekemää sisältöä. Työ on tutkimusotteeltaan konstruktiivinen ja sen aineistoa kerättiin havainnoinnin, tekstianalyysin, keskustelujen ja käyttäjätestauksen keinoin. HTML5 valikoitui pelissä käytettäväksi tekniikaksi sen laajan tuettavuuden ja helpon jakelun ansoista. Sama sovellus toimii kaikilla laitteilla, joille on saatavilla moderni web-selain. Monet käyttäjät välttävät ylimääräisiä sovellusasennuksia haittaohjelmien pelossa. Käyttäjän kynnys tutustua ilmaiseen HTML5:llä toteutettuun sovellukseen on pieni, sillä sen kokeileminen edellyttää vain linkin klikkaamista, eikä erillisiä asennuksia tarvita. Opinnäytetyön tulos on Kätköksi nimetty peli ja sen toiminnallisuudet mahdollistava pelimoottori. Pelimoottori toteutettiin itse, jotta vältyttäisiin kompromisseilta pelin toiminnallisuuksissa ja mahdollistettaisiin sen hyödyntäminen myös toisissa ympäristöissä. Peli julkaistiin marraskuussa 2014 osana Yleisradion kouluikäisille lapsille suunnattua Galaxi tuotantoa. Peli on tällä hetkellä sivuston selkeästi suosituin sisältö.Object of the thesis is to research the possibilities of the HTML5-technology for the needs of the Finnish Broadcasting Company’s (Yle) office of internet-services for children and the young. Purpose is to develop a robust and rich HTML5 game which empathizes creative problem solving and user generated content. Thesis utilizes constructive research method and its material is collected by observing, text-analysis, conversations and user-testing. One of the biggest strengths of HTML5 applications is their multi-platform nature. The same application works on desktop- and mobile-devices. Many users avoid installing small software in fear of malware. HTML5 applications require no installations and are therefore easy and safe to run. The outcome of the thesis is a HTML5-game called Kätkö (a hiding place) and the game-engine made for it. The game-engine was made from scratch to avoid compromises in its features. Kätkö was released as part of Yle’s production during the fall 2014 and it is at the moment the most popular content of the web-site

Human Genotoxic Study Carried Out Two Years after Oil Exposure during the Clean-up Activities Using Two Different Biomarkers

Micronuclei, comet and chromosome alterations assays are the most widely used biomarkers for determining the genotoxic damage in a population exposed to genotoxic chemicals. While chromosome alterations are an excellent biomarker to detect short- and long-term genotoxic effects, the comet assay only measures early biological effects, and furthermore it is unknown whether nuclear abnormalies, such as those measured in the micronucleus test, remain detectable long-term after an acute exposure. In our previous study, an increase in structural chromosome alterations in fishermen involved in the clean-up of the Prestige oil spill, two years after acute exposure, was detected. The aim of this study is to investigate whether, in lymphocytes from peripheral blood, the nuclear abnormalies (micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds) have a similar sensitivity to the chromosome damage analysis for genotoxic detection two years after oil exposure in the same non-smoker individuals and in the same peripheral blood extraction. No significant differences in nuclear abnormalies frequencies between exposed and non-exposed individuals were found (p > 0.05). However, chromosome damage, in the same individuals, was higher in exposed vs. non-exposed individuals, especially for chromosome lesions (p < 0.05). These findings, despite the small sample size, suggest that nuclear abnormalities are probably less-successful biomarkers than are chromosome alterations to evaluate genotoxic effects two or more years after an exposure to oil. Due to the great advantage of micronucleus automatic determination, which allows for a rapid study of hundreds of individuals exposed to genotoxic chemical exposure, further studies are needed to confirm whether this assay is or is not useful in long-term genotoxic studies after the toxic agent is no longer present

Prácticas alimentarias en la Edad del Hierro en Cataluña

The aim of this paper is to provide a state of the research on the eating habits concerning the Iron Age populations of Catalonia, with particular attention to the Iberian period, under the Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya project “Eating and Drinking in the periphery of the Graeco-Roman world: cultural and food habits of the northern Iberian (6th-2nd cent. BCE)”. The main goal of this project is the study of food habits in the Catalan Iberian world from a global and interdisciplinary approach that considers all aspects of the food phenomenon (technical, instrumental, social, cognitive) as an expression of a specific cultural reality

Human genotoxic study carried out two years after oil exposure during the clean-up activities using two different biomarkers

Micronuclei, comet and chromosome alterations assays are the most widely used biomarkers for determining the genotoxic damage in a population exposed to genotoxic chemicals. While chromosome alterations are an excellent biomarker to detect short- and long-term genotoxic effects, the comet assay only measures early biological effects, and furthermore it is unknown whether nuclear abnormalies, such as those measured in the micronucleus test, remain detectable long-term after an acute exposure. In our previous study, an increase in structural chromosome alterations in fishermen involved in the clean-up of the Prestige oil spill, two years after acute exposure, was detected. The aim of this study is to investigate whether, in lymphocytes from peripheral blood, the nuclear abnormalies (micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds) have a similar sensitivity to the chromosome damage analysis for genotoxic detection two years after oil exposure in the same non-smoker individuals and in the same peripheral blood extraction. No significant differences in nuclear abnormalies frequencies between exposed and non-exposed individuals were found (p > 0.05). However, chromosome damage, in the same individuals, was higher in exposed vs. non-exposed individuals, especially for chromosome lesions (p < 0.05). These findings, despite the small sample size, suggest that nuclear abnormalities are probably less-successful biomarkers than are chromosome alterations to evaluate genotoxic effects two or more years after an exposure to oil. Due to the great advantage of micronucleus automatic determination, which allows for a rapid study of hundreds of individuals exposed to genotoxic chemical exposure, further studies are needed to confirm whether this assay is or is not useful in long-term genotoxic studies after the toxic agent is no longer present

Acuity, nurse staffing and workforce, missed care and patient outcomes. A cluster-unit-level descriptive comparison

Aim: To compare patient acuity, nurse staffing and workforce, missed nursing care and patient outcomes among hospital unit-clusters. Background: Relationships among acuity, nurse staffing and workforce, missed nursing care and patient outcomes, are not completely understood. Method: Descriptive design with data from four unit-clusters: medical, surgical, combined and stepdown units. Descriptive statistics were used to compare acuity, nurse staffing coverage, education and expertise, missed nursing care, and selected nurse-sensitive outcomes. Results: Patient acuity in general (medical, surgical and combined) floors is similar to step-down units, with an average of 5.6 required RN hours per patient day. In general wards, available RN hours per patient day reach only 50% of required RN hours to meet patient needs. Workforce measures are comparable among unit-clusters, and average missed nursing care is 21%. Patient outcomes vary among unit-clusters. Conclusion:Patient acuity is similar among unit-clusters, whilst nurse staffing coverage is halved in general wards. While RN education, expertise and missed care are comparable among unitclusters, mortality, skin injuries and risk of family compassion fatigue rates are higher in general wards. Implications for nursing management: Nurse managers play a pivotal role in hustling policy-makers to address structural understaffing in general wards, to maximize patient safety outcomes

Procediment d'higiene de mans

Higiene de mans; Mesures de prevenció; Antisèpsia de mans; InfeccionsHigiene de manos; Medidas de prevención; Antisepsia de manos; InfeccionesHand hygiene; Prevention measures; Hand antisepsis; InfectionsL’objectiu d'aquest document és fer un treball de revisió, actualització i consens de diversos documents sobre la higiene de mans en l'àmbit hospitalari i a l'atenció primària, per crear-ne un de sol que faciliti la informació i la consulta als professionals, amb la finalitat de millorar el seu compliment de la higiene de mans

Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein to rule out early bacterial coinfection in COVID-19 critically ill patients

PurposeAlthough the prevalence of community-acquired respiratory bacterial coinfection upon hospital admission in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to be < 5%, almost three-quarters of patients received antibiotics. We aim to investigate whether procalcitonin (PCT) or C-reactive protein (CRP) upon admission could be helpful biomarkers to identify bacterial coinfection among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.MethodsWe carried out a multicentre, observational cohort study including consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to 55 Spanish intensive care units (ICUs). The primary outcome was to explore whether PCT or CRP serum levels upon hospital admission could predict bacterial coinfection among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The secondary outcome was the evaluation of their association with mortality. We also conducted subgroups analyses in higher risk profile populations.ResultsBetween 5 February 2020 and 21 December 2021, 4076 patients were included, 133 (3%) of whom presented bacterial coinfection. PCT and CRP had low area under curve (AUC) scores at the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis [0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.61) and 0.6 (95% CI, 0.55-0.64), respectively], but high negative predictive values (NPV) [97.5% (95% CI 96.5-98.5) and 98.2% (95% CI 97.5-98.9) for PCT and CRP, respectively]. CRP alone was associated with bacterial coinfection (OR 2, 95% CI 1.25-3.19; p = 0.004). The overall 15, 30 and 90 days mortality had a higher trend in the bacterial coinfection group, but without significant difference. PCT & GE; 0.12 ng/mL was associated with higher 90 days mortality.ConclusionOur study suggests that measurements of PCT and CRP, alone and at a single time point, are not useful for ruling in or out bacterial coinfection in viral pneumonia by COVID-19

One Year Overview and Follow-Up in a Post-COVID Consultation of Critically Ill Patients

The long-term clinical management and evolution of a cohort of critical COVID-19 survivors have not been described in detail. We report a prospective observational study of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU between March and August 2020. The follow-up in a post-COVID consultation comprised symptoms, pulmonary function tests, the 6-minute walking test (6MWT), and chest computed tomography (CT). Additionally, questionnaires to evaluate the prevalence of post-COVID-19 syndrome were administered at 1 year. A total of 181 patients were admitted to the ICU during the study period. They were middle-aged (median [IQR] of 61 [52;67]) and male (66.9%), with a median ICU stay of 9 (5-24.2) days. 20% died in the hospital, and 39 were not able to be included. A cohort of 105 patients initiated the follow-up. At 1 year, 32.2% persisted with respiratory alterations and needed to continue the follow-up. Ten percent still had moderate/severe lung diffusion (DLCO) involvement (<60%), and 53.7% had a fibrotic pattern on CT. Moreover, patients had a mean (SD) number of symptoms of 5.7 ± 4.6, and 61.3% met the criteria for post-COVID syndrome at 1 year. During the follow-up, 46 patients were discharged, and 16 were transferred to other consultations. Other conditions, such as emphysema (21.6%), COPD (8.2%), severe neurocognitive disorders (4.1%), and lung cancer (1%) were identified. A high use of health care resources is observed in the first year. In conclusion, one-third of critically ill COVID-19 patients need to continue follow-up beyond 1 year, due to abnormalities on DLCO, chest CT, or persistent symptoms.This study was supported in part by ISCIII (CIBERESUCICOVID, COV20/00110), co-funded by ERDF, “Una manera de hacer Europa,” donation program “Estar Preparados,” UNESPA, Madrid, Spain and Fundación Soria Melguizo (Madrid, Spain). DG-C had received financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Miguel Servet 2020: CP20/00041), co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF)/“Investing in your future.” JB acknowledged receiving financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII; Miguel Servet 2019: CP19/00108), co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF), “Investing in your future.