Nuevas aplicaciones de la imagen radiológica a la Antropología Física

Las nuevas técnicas de imagen de alta resolución (radiografía digital, TAC multicorte, resonancia magnética y escáner tridimensional), además de las posibilidades diagnóstico-médicas que ya se le conocen, permiten reconstruir y medir, presentándose como un instrumento de gran utilidad investigadora y docente. La aplicación de las nuevas técnicas de imagen es amplia, éstas son útiles en: 1) investigación antropológica y biomédica; 2) identificación forense; 3) realización de autopsias virtuales; 4) el paleodiagnóstico de muchas de las paleopatologías presentadas por restos esqueléticos arqueológicos de animales y humanos; y 5) en la docencia universitaria [...]

Inventario de la Diversidad Arbórea y Avifauna de las cuencas internas Jocote Pando y las Palmitas, Unidad Hidrográfica Río Estelí, Nicaragua, Centroamérica

El estudio se realizó en las cuencas internas Jocote Pando y las Palmitas de la Unidad Hidrográfica Río Estelí, comunidad El Limón, Estelí, Nicaragua. El propósito fue evaluar la composición de especies arbóreas y avifauna de éstas cuencas internas. Se seleccionaron tres ecosistemas representativos: Bosque seco tropical, bosque de galería o ribereño y sistemas silvopastoriles, con tres parcelas de una hectárea por cada uno de ellos. Se realizó un muestreo, donde se contabilizaron los individuos por especie para leñosas y aves. Para ambos casos se identificó y comparó la abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de especies. Se encontraron 54 especies arbóreas y 87 especies de aves. La mayor abundancia se presentó en los sistemas silvopastoriles y bosques de galería. La riqueza muestra diferencias significativas para las especies arbóreas y aves en el bosque de galería y el sistema silvopastoril. La diversidad arbórea y de aves fue mayor en el bosque de galería, en relación a los otros ecosistemas estudiados. El inventario mostró que la mayor riqueza de especies arbóreas y de aves se encontró en el bosque de galería o ribereño probablemente por ser ecosistemas que proveen agua y alimento para las especies

Predicción de los comportamientos positivos en educación física: una perspectiva desde la teoría de la autodeterminación

El presente estudio analiza los antecedentes motivacionales que pueden incidir en la realización de comportamientos positivos en las clases de educación física. La muestra está formada por 1692 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 16 años (M = 13.34; DT = .76), pertenecientes a 99 clases de 32 centros educativos públicos. Se somete a verificación un modelo completo de regresión estructural que, teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza multinivel de los datos, refleja cómo la percepción de apoyo a las necesidades psicológicas básicas predice el tipo de motivación a través de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y cómo el tipo de motivación actúa como predictor de los comportamientos positivos. Los resultados destacan los procesos motivacionales como elementos claves para el desarrollo de comportamientos adaptativos en el contexto de la educación física.This study examines the motivational antecedents that might influence on positive behaviors in physical education classes. The sample comprised 1692 pupils ranging in age from 12 to 16 years old (M = 13.34; SD = .76), recruited from 99 school classes in 32 public secondary schools. A complete model of structural regression is tested taking into account the multilevel nature of the data, showing how the perception of basic psychological needs support predicts the types of motivation through the basic psychological needs satisfaction, and the types of motivation predict the positive behaviors. The results emphasize motivational processes as key factors for the development of adaptive behaviors in physical education context.peerReviewe

Patients and healthcare professionals’ voice on preventable readmissions

Introduction Currently, about 10% of patients required unplanned readmissions within 30 days after discharge.1 2 This proportion has not changed substantially over the past several years despite intense efforts to improve the discharge process. Although several studies3 4 have been performed, including patients’ and physicians’ opinion on the preventability of readmissions and factors that would predict preventability, only a few studies have included nurses’ opinions and the consensus with all stakeholders.5 We aimed to determine the patient’s opinion on preventable readmission, associated factors and the extent to which patients, nurses and physicians agree on readmission preventability. Methods To achieve the proposed objectives, a descriptive transversal correlational multicentre study was developed. This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee (reference number: PR114/17). From 2 April 2017 to 18 January 2019, all patients readmitted within 30 days to 2 medical and 2 surgical departments (internal medicine, pneumology, trauma and digestive surgery) at 4 university hospitals were identified. Patients who provided written informed consent were interviewed within 72 hours of readmission. Four research nurses were trained to deliver the interviews. The patient’s interview involved 23 questions6 about functional status at discharge, discharge process and follow-up care, including readmission preventability (online supplemental material). Two independent physicians and nurses of the research team concurrently reviewed electronic health records to identify factors contributing to potentially preventable readmissions.7 Clinical and demographic patients’ characteristics were also collected. We estimated that a total sample size of 276 patients was needed for a proportion of 11% of preventable readmission,7 95% confidence level and 0.04 precision and assuming 15% potentially missed cases. A logistic regression model has been used to assess the association between the patient profile and his answer to the main question of his readmission preventability. The conditions of application of the models have been validated and CIs at 95% of the estimator have been calculated whenever possible. Cohen’s kappa statistic has been calculated to assess the concordance between physicians’, nurses’ and patients’ answer to this preventability readmission question. All the analysis has been done with the statistic package R V.3.5.3 (11 March 2019) for Windows. Patients were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this study. Results We assessed 805 consecutive patients for eligibility, of whom 529 were excluded refused or unavailable (314 presented haemodynamic instability, 107 were discharged early, 104 refused to participate and four had language barrier). Among 276 patients included, 44.2% were admitted to internal medicine, 13.8% pneumology, 8% trauma and 34.1% digestive surgery department, respectively. The mean age was 68 years and 65.9% were men. The median (IQR) time between discharge and readmission was 11 days (5–17 days) and the median (IQR) Charlson comorbidity index was 5 (3–6). Ninety-six (34.8%) patients reported that their readmission was preventable, 69 (25.0%) were undecided and 111 (40.2%) reported that their readmission was not preventable. Comparing patients who reported non-preventable readmissions to those who reported preventable readmissions or were undecided, the latter had less time between discharge and readmission, did not have a follow-up appointment scheduled with primary care or specialist at discharge, no medication reviewed and felt concerns were not addressed before discharge. Also, patients who were less satisfied with the hospital’s discharge team, who felt were discharged before being ready and felt concern during follow-up care were more likely to report preventable readmission or undecidednes

STRs del cromosoma Y en dos poblaciones del NOA (Puna y Valles Calchaquíes)

Se presenta un estudio genético preliminar basado en polimorfismos del cromosoma Y de dos poblaciones del NOA (Salta): la Puna y Valles Calchaquíes. La región de la Puna, es una típica meseta andina de altura (con elevaciones que pueden superar los 6.000 m), árida o semiárida. Las características climáticas, topográficas y productivas, provocan el aislamiento de las poblaciones humanas de esta región. En la región de los Valles Calchaquíes (Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, aprox. 3.000 m de altitud) se desarrollaron sociedades prehispánicas de alto nivel socioeconómico y diversidad cultural. Es un área con características ecológicas y culturales específicas, combinación de andinas y amazónicas. Se analizaron un total de 51 muestras de sangre de hombres no emparentados (38 de la Puna y 13 de los Valles Calchaquíes). Se determinaron cinco STRs: DYS19, DYS389-I, DYS389-II, DYS390 y DYS391. La co-amplificación se realizó en un GeneAmp PCR System 2400 y el análisis en un ABI Prism 310 DNA Sequencer. Se obtuvieron 15 haplotipos en la Puna, siendo el 13-11-27-23-10 el mayoritario (31.6%), con una diversidad haplotípica de 0.879. En los Valles Calchaquíes se obtuvieron 11, con una diversidad haplotípica de 0.974. Sólo hay un haplotipo compartido por las dos poblaciones. Las comparaciones con población española y argentina revelaron una clara diferenciación genética de las poblaciones estudiadas.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentin

Microglial hyperreactivity evolved to immunosuppression in the hippocampus of a mouse model of accelerated aging and Alzheimer’s Disease traits

Neuroinflammation is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sought to study the glial derangement in AD using diverse experimental models and human brain tissue. Besides classical pro-inflammatory cytokines, we analyzed chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL40) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) that are increasingly being associated with astrogliosis and microgliosis in AD, respectively. The SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging and AD traits showed elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia phenotype. Furthermore, 6-month-old SAMP8 showed an exacerbated inflammatory response to peripheral lipopolysaccharide in the hippocampus and null responsiveness at the advanced age (for this strain) of 12 months.This research was funded by Spanish MINECO and European Regional Development Fund, grant number SAF2016- 77703; Spanish MCINN, grant number PID2019-106285RB; Catalan Autonomous Government AGAUR, grant number 2017-SGR-106; Competitiveness Operational Programme 2014-2020, C-Reactive protein therapy for stroke-associated dementia, ID P_37_674, MySMIS code: 103432, contract 51/05.09.2016; and the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. RCo was supported by a post-doctoral research contract of the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. AL (PERIS SLT008/18/00061) received funding from Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya. We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)