Actin-interacting and flagellar proteins in Leishmania spp.: Bioinformatics predictions to functional assignments in phagosome formation

Several motile processes are responsible for the movement of proteins into and within the flagellar membrane, but little is known about the process by which specific proteins (either actin-associated or not) are targeted to protozoan flagellar membranes. Actin is a major cytoskeleton protein, while polymerization and depolymerization of parasite actin and actin-interacting proteins (AIPs) during both processes of motility and host cell entry might be key events for successful infection. For a better understanding the eukaryotic flagellar dynamics, we have surveyed genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes of pathogenic Leishmania spp. to identify pertinent genes/proteins and to build in silico models to properly address their putative roles in trypanosomatid virulence. In a search for AIPs involved in flagellar activities, we applied computational biology and proteomic tools to infer from the biological meaning of coronins and Arp2/3, two important elements in phagosome formation after parasite phagocytosis by macrophages. Results presented here provide the first report of Leishmania coronin and Arp2/3 as flagellar proteins that also might be involved in phagosome formation through actin polymerization within the flagellar environment. This is an issue worthy of further in vitro examination that remains now as a direct, positive bioinformatics-derived inference to be presented

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Comparação de métodos de amostragem para análise estrutural de florestas ineqüiâneas Comparison of sampling methods for structural analysis of uneven-aged stands

O presente trabalho foi realizado em um povoamento florestal ineqüiâneo, pertencente à Universidade Federal de Viçosa-MG, objetivando comparar estimativas do número de árvores por hectare, volume por hectare, área basal por hectare, diâmetro médio e altura média do povoamento e número de espécies, utilizando parcelas de área fixa (método I) e amostragem por ponto horizontal (método de Bitterlich), com fatores de área basal K=1, K=2 e K=4 (métodos II, III e IV, respectivamente). Após análises, constatou-se que: a) para atender a um determinado erro de amostragem, há a necessidade de maior número de pontos de amostragem, em comparação ao número de parcelas de área fixa; b) não houve diferença estatística entre as estimativas de volume por hectare, área basal por hectare, diâmetro médio e altura média do povoamento, obtidas nas parcelas de área fixa e nos pontos de amostragem, independentemente do fator de área basal; c) a amostragem por ponto horizontal (método de Bitterlich) poderá ser utilizada para caracterização da composição florística se houver aumento de intensidade amostral ou se a floresta apresentar baixa diversidade de espécies; e d) houve diferença estatística entre o número de árvores por hectare e por classe de diâmetro para os métodos de amostragem estudados. Os métodos II, III e IV subestimaram o número de árvores nas maiores classes de dap (diâmetro à altura do peito) e superestimaram-no nas menores.<br>This work was carried out in a uneven-aged stand at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to compare estimates of the number of trees per hectare, volume per hectare, basal area per hectare, medium diameter and medium height of the stand and number of species, using plots of equal size (Method I) and the horizontal point sampling (Bitterlich Method), with basal area factors K=1, K=2 and K=4 (Methods II, III and IV, respectively). After analyses, it was verified that: a) to meet to a certain sampling error, a larger number of sampling points is needed in comparison with the number of plots of equal size; b) no significant difference was found among the volume estimates per hectare, basal area per hectare, medium diameter and medium height of the stand, obtained from the plots of equal size and the sampling points, regardless of the basal area factor; c) the horizontal point sampling (Bitterlich Method) can be used for characterization of the number of species in an uneven-aged stand if there is an increase of number of points or if the forest presents low species diversity; d) there was no significant difference among the numbers of trees per hectare and diameter class for the sampling methods studied. Methods II, III and IV underestimate the number of trees in the largest DAP classes and overestimate it in the smallest ones