Tasa de registros fotográficos con cámaras trampa en caminos vs. fuera de ellos: la ubicación es importante

Tasa de registros fotográficos con cámaras trampa en caminos vs. fuera de ellos: la ubicación es importante. Presentamos los resultados de muestreos con cámaras trampa que realizamos en el Parque Nacional Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina, en 2008 para evaluar si ubicar las cámaras trampa en caminos o senderos o fuera de ellos afecta el ensamble de mamíferos muestreado. Siete pares de estaciones estuvieron activas durante 26.6 ± 8.9 días. Una estación de cada par estuvo ubicada en un camino de tierra angosto y no transitado; la otra a 50 m de distancia perpendicular del camino dentro del bosque. Usamos los registros de otro muestreo con cámaras trampa realizado en el parque nacional Iguazú en 2006-2007 para evaluar si las especies con una mayor proporción de fotos caminando sobre los senderos en lugar de cruzándolos transversal o tangencialmente (índice de uso de senderos) fueron relativamente más registradas en las estaciones ubicadas en senderos en 2008. Usamos el estimador Jackknife de primer orden para comparar la riqueza de especies en estaciones de senderos y fuera de ellos. Un ANOVA multivariado basado en disimilitudes (ADONIS) fue usado para comparar los ensambles de mamíferos registrados en caminos y fuera de ellos. Obtuvimos 228 registros independientes de 15 especies de mamíferos terrestres medianos-grandes. Las estaciones ubicadas en caminos tuvieron una mayor tasa de registros (1.06±0.57 vs. 0.24±0.13 registros/día) y una mayor riqueza que las estaciones fuera de ellos (15 vs. 10 especies observadas; 19.3, SE=2.8 vs. 14.3, SE=2.8 especies estimadas con el modelo Jackknife de 1er orden). Las especies difirieron en sus probabilidades relativas de ser registradas en caminos vs fuera de ellos, algo que puede predecirse a partir del índice de uso de senderos. El ADONIS indicó que el ensamble de mamíferos muestreado en caminos fue estadísticamente distinto al muestreado fuera de ellos, un resultado que puede ser explicado por la tendencia diferencial de las especies a usar los caminos.We present the results of a camera trap survey conducted in 2008 in the Atlantic Forest of Iguazú National Park, Argentina, testing whether placing camera traps on dirt roads/ trails or in off-road locations produce important biases in the recorded species. Seven pairs of camera trap stations were active for 26.6 ± 8.9 days; for each pair, one station was located on a narrow unpaved road and the other about 50 m from the road. We used the first order Jackknife estimator to compare species richness between on-road vs. off-road locations. We used records from another camera trap survey conducted at Iguazú National Park in 2006-2007 to assess whether species with a high Road-use Index (ratio of photographs of animals walking along roads to photographs of animals crossing the roads) had a higher ratio of records on roads / off road stations in the 2008 survey. Multivariate ANOVA based on dissimilarities (ADONIS) was used to compare mammal assemblages recorded at stations located on roads vs. off roads. We obtained 228 independent records of 15 species of medium-large sized terrestrial mammals. Stations located on roads had a higher recording rate (1.06, SD=0.57 vs. 0.24, SD=0.13 records per day) and recorded more species than off-road stations (15 vs. 10 recorded species; 19.3, SE=2.8 vs. 14.3, SE=2.8 species estimated with the 1st order Jackknife model). Species differ in their relative probabilities of being recorded on roads vs. off roads, something that can be predicted with the Road-use Index. The ADONIS indicated that the mammal assemblage surveyed on roads was statistically dissimilar to that surveyed off roads, a result that can be explained by the differential tendency of the species to use roads and trails.Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentin

¿Quién manda en las escuelas portuguesas? Reformas democráticas y prácticas de gobiernos en los establecimientos escolares de Portugal

El objetivo de este artículo es describir y analizar críticamente la situación actual del gobierno de las escuelas portuguesas tras las últimas reformas políticas y educativas. Se ha tratado de confrontar las distintas informaciones obtenidas a partir de diversas vías, para determinar las disonancias entre lo estipulado por los documentos normativos y lo que sucede en la realidad escolar. Todo apunta a que los objetivos y planteamientos de las normas que rigen el gobierno y administración del Sistema Educativo Portugués se ven habitual y sensiblemente alterados o desnaturalizados al ser llevados a la práctica. Esta discordancia es más intensa, o al menos más patente, a escala local, es decir, en las Escuelas o en los Agrupamientos de Escuelas.________________________________The object of this article is to describe and analyze critically the present situation of the government of the Portuguese Schools after recent political and educational reforms. We have attempted to scrutinize the data obtained from three sources in order to determine the dissonance between what is stipulated by the normative documents and what actually occurs in the schools. Everything points to the following conclusion: the objectives and the planning norms mandated by the government and the administration of the Portuguese Educational System are habitually and noticeably altered or distorted in their actual implementation. This discordance is most intense, or at least most blatant, at the local level, that is, in the Schools and in the Groupings of Schools

Traditional versus multivariate methods for identifying jaguar, puma, and large canid tracks

The jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) are the largest felids of the American Continent and live in sympatry along most of their distribution. Their tracks are frequently used for research and management purposes, but tracks are difficult to distinguish from each other and can be confused with those of big canids. We used tracks from pumas, jaguars, large dogs, and maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) to evaluate traditional qualitative and quantitative identification methods and to elaborate multivariate methods to differentiate big canids versus big felids and puma versus jaguar tracks (n=167 tracks from 18 zoos). We tested accuracy of qualitative classification through an identification exercise with field-experienced volunteers. Qualitative methods were useful but there was high variability in accuracy of track identification. Most of the traditional quantitative methods showed an elevated percentage of misclassified tracks (≥20). We used stepwise discriminant function analysis to develop 3 discriminant models: 1 for big canid versus big felid track identification and 2 alternative models for jaguar versus puma track differentiation using 1) best discriminant variables, and 2) size-independent variables. These models had high classification performance, with <10 of error in the validation procedures. We used simpler discriminant models in the elaboration of identification keys to facilitate track classification process. We developed an accurate method for track identification, capable of distinguishing between big felids (puma and jaguar) and large canids (dog and maned wolf) tracks and between jaguar and puma tracks. Application of our method will allow a more reliable use of tracks in puma and jaguar research and it will help managers using tracks as indicators of these felids' presence for conservation or management purposes.Fil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentin

Klabin’s influence in roudwood market of Parana state

Klabin is the largest forest company of Parana. The company owns most of the Parana’s reforestation, provide the majority of sawnwood supply and it is responsible by highest consumption of Parana’s pulpwood. These characteristics give the company a considerable market power and an ability to influence the formation of timber price. The objective was to contribute to the understanding of the Klabin’s influence on the formation of timber prices in Parana. By using Student t test the price of pulpwood and sawnwood within and outside of Klabin’s operation area in 2008 was compared. The results indicated no difference among prices in regions that could be considered justified by the power of oligopoly and oligopsony from the company; in other words, the company has market power, but does not use it

Risk and protective factors associated with gastrointestinal parasites in dogs from an urban area of Córdoba, Argentina.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites and the effect of associated factors were evaluated in household dogs from an urban area of Córdoba, Argentina. A total of fecal samples were collected during 2010 and 2013, and processed with Willis´ salt, Sheaters´ sugar flotation and formol-ether concentration techniques. Overall prevalence of GI parasites was 45.23% (95% C.I.: 40.83; 49.62), Ancylostoma caninum (30.83%) was the most frequent parasite, followed by Trichuris vulpis (9.94%), Cystoisospora spp. (7.71%), Toxocara canis (6.90%) and Giardia spp. (5.88%). Independent variables werepresence of at least one parasite element, named all parasites, and GI parasites more frequently present as separate outcomes. Logistic regression results showed an increased risk related to age (P = 0.0343)for all parasites and for T. canis, Cystoisospora spp. and Giardia spp. Statistically significant and protective variables were no ingestion of small animals, daily feces removal and absence of shadow in house yards. Use of anthelmintics and daily feces removal for A. caninum, female gender and absence of shadow for T. canis resulted in protective factors. Effective actions for prevention, control and treatment are required in the research area, being the role played by veterinarians and owners commitment key aspects.Fil: Motta, Carlos Eugenio. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Rivero, Maria Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical; ArgentinaFil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Sbaffo, Ana María. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Tiranti, Karina Ivana. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; Argentin

Evaluation of heart failure prognostic factors in patients referred for heart transplantation

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the survival of patients with heart failure submitted to cardiac transplantation screening as well as identify poor prognostic factors using a risk score to identify patients with higher death risk. METHODS: 330 male and female patients aged 12 to 74 years old, referred for heart transplantation from January 1986 to November 2001 were evaluated. Clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, Holter monitoring, echocardiographic and radionuclide ventriculography data were analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow up period was 5 years; patients' survival rate was 84.5% in the first year, 74.3% in the second year, 68.9% in the third year and 60.5% in the fifth year. The prognostic variables selected through the univariate analysis were: age, Chagas' disease etiology for cardiomyopathy, NYHA functional classes III and IV, orthopnea, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, plasma urea, sodium, glucose, albumin, bilirubin, hemoglobin, and mean heart rate. The prognostic variables at the multivariate analysis were: ejection fraction, blood urea, and hemoglobin. The risk score: RR=exp[(-0.0942401 x ejection fraction) + (0.0105207 x blood urea) + (-0.2974991 x hemoglobin) + (-0.0132898 x age) + (-0.0099115 x blood glucose)] discriminated the population with a higher death risk. CONCLUSION: Patients' survival was satisfactory despite heart failure severity, suggesting they can be maintained on optimized clinical treatment until persistent clinical deterioration takes place. Ejection fraction, ventricular diameters, and clinical functional class alone should not be used as an indication for heart transplantation. The risk score could help discriminate the population with the poorest prognosis.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a sobrevida dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca encaminhados para transplante cardíaco, e identificar os fatores de pior prognóstico a fim de estabelecer um escore para reconhecer os pacientes de maior risco de óbito. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 330 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 74 anos, encaminhados para transplante cardíaco no período de janeiro de 1986 a novembro de 2001. Foi feita análise de variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais, e de dados de eletrocardiografia, Holter, ecocardiografia e ventriculografia radioisotópica. RESULTADOS: O período mediano de acompanhamento foi de cinco anos e a sobrevida dos pacientes no primeiro ano foi de 84,5%, no segundo ano foi de 74,3%, no terceiro ano foi de 68,9%, no quarto ano foi de 64,8% e, no quinto ano, foi de 60,5%. As variáveis prognósticas selecionadas na análise univariada, estatisticamente significantes, foram: idade, etiologia chagásica, classes funcionais III e IV, ortopnéia, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial média, pressão de pulso, uréia plasmática, sódio plasmático, glicemia, albumina, bilirrubina, hemoglobina e freqüência cardíaca média. As variáveis prognósticas na análise multivariada estatisticamente significantes foram: fração de ejeção, uréia e hemoglobina. O escore de risco foi calculado de acordo com a fórmula: RR = exp[(-0,0942401 x fração de ejeção) + (0,0105207 x uréia) + (-0,2974991 x hemoglobina) + (-0,0132898 x idade) + (-0,0099115 x glicemia)], discriminando a população com maior probabilidade de óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da sobrevida satisfatória, trata-se de amostra de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca grave, sugerindo que esses pacientes podem ser mantidos em tratamento clínico otimizado até que apresentem deterioração clínica persistente. A fração de ejeção, os diâmetros ventriculares e a classe funcional não devem ser usados de forma isolada para indicação de transplante cardíaco. O escore de risco pode ser útil para discriminar a população com pior prognóstico.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

A preliminary study of hardness and modulus of elasticity in sheep mandibles submitted to distraction osteogenesis and low-level laser therapy

Objectives: To investigate the quality of newly formed bone in sheep mandibles submitted to distraction osteogenesis and low-level laser therapy (LLLT), based on hardness and modulus of elasticity values. The ideal moment for laser application (during the latency/activation period vs. during the bone consolidation period) was also evaluated. Computed tomography imaging was used to assess relapse as a result of early device removal. Study design: Extraoral distraction devices were placed in five sheep so as to achieve 1.5 cm of lengthened bone in 60 days. Distraction devices were removed 50, 40, and 33 days after surgery. Four animals were treated with LLLT, at different times, and one was used as control (no LLLT). Results: When applied during the bone consolidation period, LLLT caused an increase in hardness and modulus of elasticity values. On the other hand, animals irradiated with LLLT during the latency/activation period presented a delay in bone healing. A period of consolidation of 13 days (early device removal) was associated with relapse. Conclusions: Nanoindentation tests were able to detect slight abnormalities in bone metabolism and proved to be important tools for the assessment of bone quality following distraction osteogenesis. LLLT provided increased benefits when applied during the bone consolidation period, once it promoted an increase in hardness and modulus of elasticity values. According to our results, the bone consolidation period should be of at least 3 weeks, so as to prevent relapse. © Medicina Oral S. L