EEG activity represents the correctness of perceptual decisions trial-by-trial

Performance monitoring is an executive function, which we depend on for detecting and evaluating the consequences of our behavior. Although event related potentials (ERPs) have revealed the existence of differences after correct and incorrect decisions, it is not known whether there is a trial-by-trial representation of the accuracy of the decision. We recorded the electroencephalographic activity (EEG) while participants performed a perceptual discrimination task, with two levels of difficulty, in which they received immediate feedback. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to reveal two components that convey trial-by-trial representations of the correctness of the decisions. Firstly, the performance monitoring-related negativity (PM-N), a negative deflection whose amplitude is higher (more negative) after incorrect trials. Secondly, the performance monitoring-related positivity (PM-P), a positive deflection whose amplitude is higher after incorrect trials. During the time periods corresponding to these components, trials can be accurately categorized as correct or incorrect by looking at the EEG activity; this categorization is more accurate when based on the PM-P. We further show that the difficulty of the discrimination task has a different effect on each component: after easy trials the latency of the PM-N is shorter and the amplitude of the PM-P is higher than after difficult trials. Consistent with previous interpretations of performance-related ERPs, these results suggest a functional differentiation between these components. The PM-N could be related to an automatic error detection system, responsible for fast behavioral corrections of ongoing actions, while the PM-P could reflect the difference between expected and actual outcomes and be related to long-term changes in the decision process

Propuesta de captación de aguas pluviales para el aprovechamiento sanitario en una vivienda multifamiliar, Cajabamba - 2022

La presente tesis tuvo como objetivo principal determinar en qué medida el sistema de abastecimiento de aguas pluviales dirigido a los aparatos sanitarios, en una vivienda multifamiliar, en el distrito de Cajabamba, tendrá un abastecimiento y práctica interesante en lo ambiental, teniendo en cuenta el grado de contaminación de aguas pluviales y la gran demanda de los recursos hidrológico que permitirá la conservación de agua potable para consumo humano. Esta investigación tiene como propuesta un sistema de aprovechamiento de agua pluvial con fines de producir un menor consumo de agua potable para las actividades de los servicios sanitarios, construyendo una red independiente diseñada en la auto sustentación de dicha vivienda, desarrollándose el cálculo de volúmenes de disponibilidad y obteniendo resultados de una evaluación real de un sistema de captación y abastecimiento pluvial

Novel Supramolecular Nanoparticles Derived From Cucurbit[7]uril and Zwitterionic Surfactants

Binding constants, Log K ≈ 6.6 M-1, and NMR characterization of the complexes formed by sulfobetaines and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) support the electrostatic interaction as major driving force. This very strong binding motif is cross-linked by additional CB7 molecules resulting in the formation of supramolecular nanoparticles (SNPs) with an average diameter of 172 nm and negative surface potential. The time course evolution of the particle size and the surface potential suggests the very fast formation of an amorphous aggregate that absorbs additional amount of sulfobetaine. These aggregates afford very stable (more than two weeks) nanoparticles in aqueous dispersion. The reversibility of the sulfobetaine/CB7 host:guest complexes allows SNPs disaggregation by adding a competitive guest as shown by treatment with tetraethylammonium chloride. The addition of this competitive cation triggers a SNPs to micelle transition. The potential application of these nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles was investigated by using carboxyfluorescein. These experiments revealed that upon externally induced disruption of the SNPs (by tetraethylammonium chloride) the fluorescent dye was trapped into micellar aggregates that can be further disrupted by cyclodextrin additionhttp://www.usc.es/Financial support from Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (projects CTQ2014-55208-P, CTQ2017-84354-P, CTQ2014-59646-R and MAT2015-67458-P), Xunta de Galicia (GR 2007/085; IN607C 2016/03 and Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019, ED431G/09) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund – ERDF), is gratefully acknowledged. J.M. received a Ramón y Cajal (RYC-2013- 13784) and a starting grant from the ERC (DYNAP677786)S

Costos de aprovechamiento del manejo forestal comunitario en Colombia: impactos, lecciones aprendidas y desafíos

Since 2018, the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, the FAO, and the European Union have been supporting the implementation of eight pilots involving community natural forest management. To this effect, a characterization of the wood value chain of each forest area was performed along with the compilation of their wood harvesting costs, in order to identify bottlenecks and areas for improvement, as well as to move towards the formalization of initiatives and their sustainability. This article analyzes the costs and the harvesting and market conditions in four forest areas, and it identifies the main barriers that influence the model’s sustainability. The results indicate that said barriers are specific to each area and, although there are common factors among areas, they should not be generalized for a national model. These findings suggest the need for specific actions in each cluster, which are presented as recommendations.Desde el año 2018, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, la FAO y la Unión Europea vienen apoyando la implementación de ocho pilotos sobre el manejo forestal comunitario de bosques naturales. En este contexto, se realizó la caracterización de la cadena de la madera de cada núcleo forestal, junto con la compilación de los costos de aprovechamiento, con el fin de identificar los cuellos de botella y áreas de mejora, así como para avanzar hacia la formalización de las iniciativas y su sostenibilidad. Este artículo analiza los costos, las condiciones del aprovechamiento y las del mercado en cuatro núcleos forestales, e identifica las principales barreras que influyen en la sostenibilidad del modelo. Los resultados indican que estas barreras son particulares a cada zona y, si bien hay puntos en común entre algunos territorios, no deben ser generalizadas para un modelo nacional. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de acciones puntuales en cada núcleo, las cuales se presentan como recomendaciones

Colecistitis calculosa aguda

La colecistitis calculosa aguda es la causa más importante de colecistectomías en el mundo. En esta revisión de tema se resume la fisiopatología del proceso inflamatorio de la vesícula biliar secundaria a la obstrucción de la vía biliar, así como sus manifestaciones clínicas, estudios diagnósticos y su manejo médico-quirúrgico.301-309Acute calculous cholecystitis is the most important cause of cholecystectomies worldwide. We review the physiopathology of the inflammatory process in this organ secondary to biliary tract obstruction, as well as its clinical manifestations, workup, and the treatment it requires

Identifying sustainability priorities among value chain actors in artisanal common octopus fisheries

The United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science highlights a need to improve the way in which scientific results effectively inform action and policies regarding the ocean. Our research contributes to achieving this goal by identifying practical actions, barriers, stakeholder contributions and resources required to increase the sustainability of activities carried out in the context of artisanal fisheries to meet UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (IYAFA) Global Action Plan (GAP) Pillar targets. We conducted a novel ‘social value chain analysis’ via a participatory workshop to elicit perspectives of value chain actors and fisheries stakeholders associated with two Spanish artisanal common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) fisheries (western Asturias—Marine Stewardship Council [MSC] certified, and Galicia—non-MSC certified) about their priorities regarding sustainable octopus production and commercializationOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Cephs and Chefs Project (https://www.cephsandchefs.com/) funded by the European Regional Development Fund (https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/erdf/) through the Interreg Atlantic Area Programme grant number EAPA_282/2016. CP, TF, KR and DC would also like to acknowledge financial support to CESAM by FCT/MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds. CP acknowledges the FCT research contract 2020.02510.CEECIND. SV and PP acknowledge the financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (https://www.xunta.gal/portada) (RECREGES II project under Grant 1400 ED481B2018/017 and Grupo de Referencia Competitiva GI-2060 AEMI, under Grant 1401 ED431C2019/11). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscriptS

Oxidative Damage in Lymphocytes of Copper Smelter Workers Correlated to Higher Levels of Excreted Arsenic

Arsenic has been associated with multiple harmful effects at the cellular level. Indirectly these defects could be related to impairment of the integrity of the immune system, in particular in lymphoid population. To characterize the effect of Arsenic on redox status on this population, copper smelter workers and arsenic unexposed donors were recruited for this study. We analyzed urine samples and lymphocyte enriched fractions from donors to determinate arsenic levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, we studied the presence of oxidative markers MDA, vitamin E and SOD activity in donor plasma. Here we demonstrated that in human beings exposed to high arsenic concentrations, lymphocyte MDA and arsenic urinary levels showed a positive correlation with SOD activity, and a negative correlation with vitamin E serum levels. Strikingly, lymphocytes from the arsenic exposed population respond to a polyclonal stimulator, phytohemaglutinin, with higher rates of thymidine incorporation than lymphocytes of a control population. As well, similar in vitro responses to arsenic were observed using a T cell line. Our results suggest that chronic human exposure to arsenic induces oxidative damage in lymphocytes and could be considered more relevant than evaluation of T cell surveillance

Factores clínicos y electrocardiográficos como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes en fase aguda de un primer evento cerebrovascular Clinical and electrocardiographic factors as mortality predictors in patients in the acute phase of a first cerebrovasc

RESUMENIntroducción: El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) es la segunda causa de muerte y tercera causa dediscapacidad en el mundo.Objetivo:Evaluar la asociación entre variables clínicas, electrocardiográficas,escalas neurológicas en pacientes con ACV como predictoras de mortalidad a 3 meses posteriores al egreso hospitalario. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo con muestreo no probabilístico, en pacientes mayores de 18 años con primer ACV. Se evaluaron variables demográficos,clínicas, escalas neurológicas del Instituto Nacional de Salud (NIHSS) y canadiense (CNS), variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) y del QT (QTV), dispersión del QT. Se determinó la mortalidad a los tres meses de seguimiento. Se realizó análisis bivariado y de regresión logística múltiple cuyo desenlacefue mortalidad a tres meses post egreso hospitalario, incluyendo variables con baja correlación (r< 0.4) y significancia estadística (p<0.05).Resultados: Se incluyeron 92 pacientes, 13 de los cuales fallecieron en la fase de tratamiento intrahospitalario. Se realizó seguimiento durante tres meses después del egreso hospitalario en 81 pacientes. La mortalidad total en tres meses de seguimiento fue del 21.7%(n=20).Se identificaron cinco variables predictoras de mortalidad en el modelo final: puntaje de escala NIHSS,frecuencia cardiaca media, VLF QT ≥36.311, LF/HF ≤1.019, valores extremos r-MSD (≥7.985o≤2.363) de VFC. La capacidad discriminatoria del modelo mediante el análisis del área bajo la curva fue de 0.95, con valores de sensibilidad y especificidad del 60% y 93% respectivamente.Conclusión:Altos puntajes de escala NIHSS, VLF-QT, frecuencia cardiaca media, así como valores bajos LF/HF y valores extremosr-MSD, fueron factores de riesgo independientes para mortalidad a los 90 días después de un primer ACV.Palabras Clave: Accidente cerebrovascular, Electrocardiografia, Frecuencia cardiaca, Mortalidad, Predicción.ABSTRACTIntroduction:Stroke is the second cause of death and third cause of disability worldwide.Objective: To assess association between clinical and electrocardiographic variables, neurological scales in stroke patients like predictorsof mortality at three months after hospital discharge.Subjects and methods:Prospective cohort with nonprobabilistic sampling, in patients over 18 years with first stroke. Demographic and clinical variables, neurological scales (NIHSS, Canadian), heart rate (HRV) and QT variability (QTV), QT dispersion were evaluated. Mortality was determined during the 3 months follow up. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed with mortality at three months after discharge as outcome. Variables were included in the model if they have low correlation (r<0.4) and significant statistically p values (P< 0.05).Results: 92 patients were included in the study,13 patients died during the intra-hospital stay, 81 were followed at 3 months after their hospital discharge. Totalmortality in patients included at three months follow-up was 21.7 % (n=20). We identified five predictors of mortality in the final model: NIHSS score, mean heart rate, VLF QT ≥36,311, LF/HF ≤ 1,019, extreme values of r-MSD (≥ 7,985 or ≤ 2,363) of HRV. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0,95 with sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 93%. Conclusions: High NIHSS scores, VLF-QT, mean heart rate, low values of LF/HF and high extreme values of r-MSD were independent risk factors for mortality at 90 days after a first stroke.Keywords: Stroke, Electrocardiography, Heart Rate, Mortality Prediction. Forma de citar: Rueda Ochoa OL, Torres Mantilla HA, Fernández Dulcey CA, Villa Acuña MM, Velasco Gómez ST, Niño Niño CA, Sierra Bueno DA. Factores clínicos y electrocardiográficos como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes en fase aguda de un primer evento cerebrovascular. rev.univ.ind.santander.salud 2014; 46(2): 147-158

Factores clínicos y electrocardiográficos como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes en fase aguda de un primer evento cerebrovascular Clinical and electrocardiographic factors as mortality predictors in patients in the acute phase of a first cerebrovasc

RESUMENIntroducción: El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) es la segunda causa de muerte y tercera causa dediscapacidad en el mundo.Objetivo:Evaluar la asociación entre variables clínicas, electrocardiográficas,escalas neurológicas en pacientes con ACV como predictoras de mortalidad a 3 meses posteriores al egreso hospitalario. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo con muestreo no probabilístico, en pacientes mayores de 18 años con primer ACV. Se evaluaron variables demográficos,clínicas, escalas neurológicas del Instituto Nacional de Salud (NIHSS) y canadiense (CNS), variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) y del QT (QTV), dispersión del QT. Se determinó la mortalidad a los tres meses de seguimiento. Se realizó análisis bivariado y de regresión logística múltiple cuyo desenlacefue mortalidad a tres meses post egreso hospitalario, incluyendo variables con baja correlación (r< 0.4) y significancia estadística (p<0.05).Resultados: Se incluyeron 92 pacientes, 13 de los cuales fallecieron en la fase de tratamiento intrahospitalario. Se realizó seguimiento durante tres meses después del egreso hospitalario en 81 pacientes. La mortalidad total en tres meses de seguimiento fue del 21.7%(n=20).Se identificaron cinco variables predictoras de mortalidad en el modelo final: puntaje de escala NIHSS,frecuencia cardiaca media, VLF QT ≥36.311, LF/HF ≤1.019, valores extremos r-MSD (≥7.985o≤2.363) de VFC. La capacidad discriminatoria del modelo mediante el análisis del área bajo la curva fue de 0.95, con valores de sensibilidad y especificidad del 60% y 93% respectivamente.Conclusión:Altos puntajes de escala NIHSS, VLF-QT, frecuencia cardiaca media, así como valores bajos LF/HF y valores extremosr-MSD, fueron factores de riesgo independientes para mortalidad a los 90 días después de un primer ACV.Palabras Clave: Accidente cerebrovascular, Electrocardiografia, Frecuencia cardiaca, Mortalidad, Predicción.ABSTRACTIntroduction:Stroke is the second cause of death and third cause of disability worldwide.Objective: To assess association between clinical and electrocardiographic variables, neurological scales in stroke patients like predictorsof mortality at three months after hospital discharge.Subjects and methods:Prospective cohort with nonprobabilistic sampling, in patients over 18 years with first stroke. Demographic and clinical variables, neurological scales (NIHSS, Canadian), heart rate (HRV) and QT variability (QTV), QT dispersion were evaluated. Mortality was determined during the 3 months follow up. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed with mortality at three months after discharge as outcome. Variables were included in the model if they have low correlation (r<0.4) and significant statistically p values (P< 0.05).Results: 92 patients were included in the study,13 patients died during the intra-hospital stay, 81 were followed at 3 months after their hospital discharge. Totalmortality in patients included at three months follow-up was 21.7 % (n=20). We identified five predictors of mortality in the final model: NIHSS score, mean heart rate, VLF QT ≥36,311, LF/HF ≤ 1,019, extreme values of r-MSD (≥ 7,985 or ≤ 2,363) of HRV. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0,95 with sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 93%. Conclusions: High NIHSS scores, VLF-QT, mean heart rate, low values of LF/HF and high extreme values of r-MSD were independent risk factors for mortality at 90 days after a first stroke.Keywords: Stroke, Electrocardiography, Heart Rate, Mortality Prediction. Forma de citar: Rueda Ochoa OL, Torres Mantilla HA, Fernández Dulcey CA, Villa Acuña MM, Velasco Gómez ST, Niño Niño CA, Sierra Bueno DA. Factores clínicos y electrocardiográficos como predictores de mortalidad en pacientes en fase aguda de un primer evento cerebrovascular. rev.univ.ind.santander.salud 2014; 46(2): 147-158

Temas Socio-Jurídicos. Volumen 11 No. 26 Junio 1993

La Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, inicia a partir de julio del presente año su especialización en Derecho Empresarial. Varios aspectos merecen ser apreciados en torno a este programa de estudios de posgrado. En primer término debe resaltarse que esta especialización es la primera que ofrece la facultad como un producto propio, diseñada y organizada por su Departamento de Derecho Económico que es dirigido por el doctor Jorge Humberto Galvis Cote, quien ostenta una brillante carrera como abogado y economista con estudios en la Universidad Javeriana y en los Estados Unidos. Si bien el posgrado se ofrece directamente por la facultad y es de exclusiva responsabilidad de la Universidad Autónoma, como docentes va a contar con la valiosísima participación de importantes profesores de diferentes universidades del país con lo cual se garantiza su altísimo nivel académico.The Faculty of Law of the Autonomous University of Bucaramanga, begins in July of this year its specialization in Business Law. Several aspects deserve to be appreciated around this program of postgraduate studies. First of all, it should be noted that this specialization is the first offered by the faculty. as its own product, designed and organized by its Department of Economic Law, which is directed by Dr. Jorge Humberto Galvis Cote, who has a brilliant career as a lawyer and economist with studies at the Javeriana University and in the United States. Although the postgraduate course is offered directly by the faculty and is exclusively responsibility of the Autonomous University, as teachers it will have the invaluable participation of important professors from different universities in the country, which guarantees its very high academic level