35 research outputs found
Costumbre y Muerte. Algunas actitudes con relación a la muerte en el siglo XIX
La siguiente investigación pretende aproximarse brevemente a cierto tipo de costumbres mortuorias desarrolladas en el siglo XIX en la ciudad de Lima y como estas son parte de las expresiones mentales plasmadas en el panteón general de Lima, hoy museo cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro. Este análisis preliminar es posible mediante la observación de diversos relatos o descripciones de viajeros extranjeros que estuvieron en el Perú en aquel tiempo. Gracias a estos relatos nos podemos acercar al amplio universo que constituyen las costumbres referidas a la muerte en el periodo que va desde fines del régimen virreinal y la instauración de la república en el siglo XIX
Percepción y reflexión de la historiografía peruana de las últimas décadas del siglo XX. Una mirada breve a las condiciones del que hacer histórico en el Perú
Las siguientes líneas tienen como objetivo esbozar unas ideas preliminares, referidas en forma de ensayo a la comprensión de la historiografía peruana de las últimas décadas del siglo XX, mediante la aproximación que los balances historiográficos han brindado sobre este periodo. Esta observación preliminar busca identificar algunos elementos, indicadores y apreciaciones a la labor del historiador que cumplen la función de condiciones hacen posible su profesión, ello a través del análisis a balances historiográficos, entrevistas y opiniones que hacen posible la visualizar dichas condiciones
Recuerdo y muerte en las carreteras del Perú. Observación histórica a los cenotafios en la Panamericana Norte entre Lima y Trujillo 2021
Las siguientes páginas sintetizan los resultados de investigación del proyecto: Cenotafios en los caminos costeros del Perú. Observación y análisis histórico a los recordatorios mortuorios a los márgenes de la carretera Panamericana Norte (Lima – Trujillo) 2021. Proyecto aprobado por la Universidad Ricardo Palma, el 24 de agosto de 2021 en el acuerdo de Consejo Universitario N° 1668 - 2021- virtual. Este trabajo es parte de una observación de largo alcance, con la intención de comprender desde el ámbito de las ciencias sociales y en particular desde el ángulo de la historia, una de las manifestaciones mortuorias albergadas en nuestra cotidianidad y de constante materialización y reproducción en diversas regiones de nuestro país, desde el siglo XX hasta nuestros días. Nos referimos a los cenotafios colocados a los márgenes de las carreteras, nuestro análisis toma como ejemplo un tramo de la carretera Panamericana Norte, entre las ciudades de Lima y Trujillo, con la intención de iniciar la observación de la sensibilidad social e imaginario que se constituye ante la muerte súbita en las autopistas plasmados por la colectividad afectada, revelando una de las manifestaciones sociales ante la muerte
El cine y la construcción de los acontecimientos históricos: (El caso del motín del penal El Sexto de 1984)
La siguiente investigación guarda múltiples objetivos integrados; el apreciar el valor del cine como fuente de investigación histórica, como agente de la historia y como elemento constructor de un meta relato histórico. Partiendo de ello utilizaré al cine como entidad compleja como una expresión artística que expone, influye y estimula ciertas actitudes mentales correspondientes a ciertos contextos sociales, es por ello que el cine dentro de sus alcances contribuye en la construcción o refuerzo de una versión histórica con respecto a ciertos acontecimientos históricos. Esta situación preliminar sirve de pretexto para iniciar el camino de la investigación que analizará el motín del penal “El Sexto” desarrollado en marzo de 1984 y el impacto que causó en la sociedad limeña y como años más tarde dicho acontecimiento es reforzado y meta construido gracias al cine a través de un filme el cual integra elementos dinámicos que exponen una historia, la cual nuestra aspectos sociales de nuestra historia
MUERTE, MEMORIA Y CENOTAFIOS EN LA AUTOPISTA PANAMERICANA NORTE ENTRE LIMA Y TRUJILLO
The following article provides an approach to the understanding of the cenotaphserected on the margins of the great Panamericana Norte highway, whose analysiswas developed in the project “Cenotaphs on the coastal roads of Peru. Observationand historical analysis of the mortuary reminders on the margins of the NorthPan-American highway (Lima - Trujillo) 2021”, approved by the Ricardo PalmaUniversity, on August 24, 2021 in the agreement of the University Council No. 1668- 2021- virtual . This work is a brief synthesis, which proposes to understand, fromthe spectrum of history, one of the expressions before death or tributes to theloss, developed in our regional daily life that runs along the North Pan-Americanhighway between the cities of Lima and Trujillo.El siguiente articulo brinda un acercamiento a la comprensión de los cenotafioserigidos a los márgenes de la gran autopista Panamericana Norte, cuyo análisisfue desarrollado en el proyecto “Cenotafios en los caminos costeros del Perú.Observación y análisis histórico a los recordatorios mortuorios a los márgenes de lacarretera Panamericana Norte (Lima – Trujillo) 2021”, aprobado por la UniversidadRicardo Palma, el 24 de agosto de 2021 en el acuerdo de Consejo Universitario N°1668 - 2021- virtual. Este trabajo es una breve síntesis, que propone comprender,desde el espectro de la historia, una de las expresiones ante la muerte u homenajesa la perdida, desarrolladas en nuestra cotidianidad regional que recorre la carreteraPanamericana Norte entre las ciudades de Lima y Trujillo
El cine y la construcción de los acontecimientos Históricos.: (El Caso Del Motín Del Penal El Sexto De 1984)
La siguiente investigación guarda múltiples objetivos integrados; el apreciar el valor del cine como fuente de investigación histórica, como agente de la historia y como elemento constructor de un meta relato histórico. Partiendo de ello utilizare al cine como entidad compleja como una expresión artística que expone, influye y estimula ciertas actitudes mentales correspondientes a ciertos contextos sociales, es por ello que el cine dentro de sus alcances contribuye en la construcción o refuerzo de una versión histórica con respecto a ciertos acontecimientos históricos
Lo audiovisual, su influencia y manifestación en el imaginario peruano durante la pandemia
Our following essay contributes to pointing out possible routes of investigati on, in the field of the history of the imaginary of our Peruvian society, in the pandemic context, of the covid -19, which we are currently experiencing. Scenario, in which a series of; manifestations, behaviors, attitudes, acti ons and coincidences that Peruvian society develops in this part of its evolution. These phenomena demand the need to be observed by history, to understand its dynamics. In addition, they invoke the speed in preparing us, to be able to validate and analyze the new types of sources; platforms, social networks, and audiovisual content, which contain a series of social complexities, which are in constant reworking and feedback. Situati on that when visualizing and integrating in the investigation can broaden our understanding of the present of our imagined Peruvian society affected by the pandemic.Nuestro siguiente ensayo contribuye señalar posibles rutas de investigación, en el terreno de la historia de lo imaginario de nuestra sociedad peruana, en el contexto pandémico, de la Covid -19, el cual actualmente vivimos. Escenario, en el cual se perciben una serie de; manifestaciones, comportamientos, actitudes, acciones y coincidencias que desarrolla la sociedad peruana en esta parte de su devenir. Estos fenómenos demandan la necesidad de ser observados por la historia, en pro de lograr comprender su dinámica. Además, invocan la celeridad en prepararnos, para poder validar y analizar los nuevos tipos de fuentes; plataformas, redes sociales y contenido audiovisual, que en su interior encierran, una serie de complejidades sociales, que están en constante reelaboración y retroalimentación. Situación que al visualizar e integrar en la investi gación puede ampliar nuestra comprensión sobre el presente de nuestra imaginada sociedad peruana afectada por la pandemia
Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children
We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2
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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries
Abstract
Background
Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.
Methods
This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries.
Results
In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.
Conclusion
This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries