Hydrological connectivity of soil pipes determined by ground-penetrating radar tracer detection

Soil pipes are common and important features of many catchments, particularly in semi-arid and humid areas, and can contribute a large proportion of runoff to river systems. They may also significantly influence catchment sediment and solute yield. However, there are often problems in finding and defining soil pipe networks which are located deep below the surface. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used for non-destructive identification and mapping of soil pipes in blanket peat catchments. While GPR can identify subsurface cavities, it cannot alone determine hydrological connectivity between one cavity and another. This paper presents results from an experiment to test the ability of GPR to establish hydrological connectivity between pipes through use of a tracer solution. Sodium chloride was injected into pipe cavities previously detected by the radar. The GPR was placed downslope of the injection points and positioned on the ground directly above detected soil pipes. The resultant radargrams showed significant changes in reflectance from some cavities and no change from others. Pipe waters were sampled in order to check the radar results. Changes in electrical conductivity of the pipe water could be detected by the GPR, without data post-processing, when background levels were increased by greater than approximately twofold. It was thus possible to rapidly determine hydrological connectivity of soil pipes within dense pipe networks across hillslopes without ground disturbance. It was also possible to remotely measure travel times through pipe systems; the passing of the salt wave below the GPR produced an easily detectable signal on the radargram which required no post-processing. The technique should allow remote sensing of water sources and sinks for soil pipes below the surface. The improved understanding of flowpath connectivity will be important for understanding water delivery, solutional and particulate denudation, and hydrological and geomorphological model development

The Anatomy of Uhuru

https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/lanning_documents/1035/thumbnail.jp

Democratic Learning for Democratic Practice: Co-Operation and Deliberation

In this chapter we suggest that education for a critical understanding of democracy is central to the delivery of high-quality patient-centred care. Development of skills and knowledge which support change in practice can and must be brought into the classroom, offering opportunities for positive role modelling and real-time learning. Techniques by which such understandings can be cultivated will be explicitly referred to in the course of the chapter. For the purpose of highlighting these ideas and practices, we refer to selected initiatives focusing upon undergraduate nurse education concerned with professional support for service-user involvement in nursing practice; teaching leadership to registered nurses; and wider general initiatives which bring service-user involvement into practitioner learning in higher education. The exemplars are illustrative and do not claim to be the only examples of our focus on involvement and democracy across the three universities. They are, however, initiatives in which we have been substantially involved

Sediment and particulate carbon removal by pipe erosion increase over time in blanket peatlands as a consequence of land drainage

Land drainage is common in peatlands. Artificially drained blanket peat catchments have been shown to have a significantly greater soil pipe density than intact catchments. This paper investigates the role of surface land drains in the enhancement of soil piping in blanket peats. The density of piping was found to significantly increase in a linear fashion with the age of the drainage. Thirty-five years after drains were cut, slopes would be expected to have twice the density of soil piping than would an undrained blanket peat catchment. The rate of pipe erosion increases exponentially over time, so that particulate carbon loss from subsurface pipes is greatest where drains are oldest

Final Project Report: Wine Suitcase

The Wine Suitcase Project was proposed by Dr. Becker to address the problem of a lack of safe and secure transportation of wine during worldwide travel. Currently, there are some solutions, like wine bottle diapers (a special bag to put a wine bottle in and catch the liquid if the bottle breaks) and an expensive wine suitcase, but a protective, insulated and cost-effective wine travel suitcase would be of great help to the wine community. This past year, our team has worked to design and produce said suitcase. The major objectives of this design are that the suitcase has to keep the bottles below the critical temperature of 70°F and safe from breaking during travel and baggage handling. Specifically, the suitcase should be able to pass the International Safe Transit Association’s (ISTA) Test Procedure 2A for Packaged-Products 150 pounds or less and keep the wine below a temperature of 70 °F for up to 36 hours [1]. The bottles should be placed in the bag at a maximum of 65 °F initially. In order for the user to know if his/her wine has been above the 70 °F mark, the design should also include a notification system or temperature tracker. Finally, the suitcase should hold up to 12 bottles of 750 mL wine and come in at a total cost of less than $350 to be competitive against current suitcase designs. The suitcase also needs to be able to hold at least one case of wine (12 bottles) of various sizes. According to these objectives and requirements, a wine suitcase was designed and fabricated using a hard-shell suitcase, foam, insulation and a temperature sensor. Specifically, the hard-shell suitcase and the foam padding satisfied the safety requirement for the bottles and for the temperature stability requirement, the insulation was added as a layer between the foam and suitcase shell. Additionally, in order to communicate to the user what the temperature of the wine is inside the suitcase, the team added a handheld sensor device with Bluetooth capabilities. After fabrication, 7 tests were performed to evaluate the success of the design against the requirements: bottle physical protection test, bottle quantity test, bottle thermal protection test, weight of suitcase test, size of suitcase test, ThermoplusTM temperature sensor test and a heat transfer simulation test. The team was unable to perform the thermal protection test due to the displacement from San Antonio from COVID-19. Each of the other 6 tests were performed and resulted in a success and satisfied their appropriate requirement. The heat transfer simulation test was added after the displacement from COVID-19 to offset the inability to perform the thermal test in person. The thermal simulation test was run to focus on the most critical 15-minute time-frame of the travel journey where the suitcase may be held in direct sunlight. At all other times, the suitcase will be in the cargo hold or inside the air-conditioned airport. While the simulation is not the same as an in-person test, we can still use it as a good measure of the thermal protection capabilities of our design and were satisfied with the passing results. Overall, once the temperature sensor has been installed, we assert that the Wine Suitcase that was fabricated before displacement will be a fully functioning device that can safely transport wine due to the successes of our testing

Distributed collection development: How to grow your library without knowing everything!

But I was an English major as an undergrad. What do I know about biblical theology resources? If this type of thought has crossed your mind, you are not alone! No one can know everything about every academic discipline.There are people who know, however, who can help us develop a more complete library collection. But guess what? They do not know everything either! It takes the collective effort of many to truly provide a well-rounded collection that supports your degree programs. Collaboration is key, especially for solo librarians with limited time and resources, but this applies to all librarians. The information in this article is the collaborative result of five of the Association of Christian Librarian’s (ACL’s) solo librarians and was presented to the Solo Librarian Interest Group at the 2021 ACL Conference. Some of the comments from other solos during the presentation discussion are also included. By using resources already at your disposal and by building a rapport with experts in their field, you can share the collection development responsibility and maintain a robust and relevant library

The essential value of long-term experimental data for hydrology and water management

We would like to thank the European Research Council ERC for funding the VeWa project and most of Tetzlaff's time (project GA 335910 VeWa). No data were used in producing this manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A Stylistic Evaluation of Aaron Copland’s Piano Variations

This paper evaluates the style of American composer Aaron Copland's Piano Variations. Philip Carey Jones discusses its position as a unique piece in twentieth-century piano literature and compares his work to that of other composers

Ionic Liquid Based Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Use with Germanium Thin Film Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries

Thermally stable, flexible polymer gel electrolytes with high ionic conductivity are prepared by mixing the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C4mpyrTFSI), LiTFSI and poly(vinylidene difluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP). FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopy show that an amorphous film is obtained for high (60 %) C4mpyrTFSI contents. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms that the polymer gels are stable below ∼300 °C in both nitrogen and air environments. Ionic conductivity of 1.9×10−3 S cm−2 at room temperature is achieved for the 60 % ionic liquid loaded gel. Germanium (Ge) anodes maintain a coulombic efficiency above 95 % after 90 cycles in potential cycling tests with the 60 % C4mpyrTFSI polymer gel