28 research outputs found

    Evaluation of the impact of serogroup C meningococcal disease vaccination program in Brazil and its regions : a population-based study, 2001-2013

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    Background: meningococcal C conjugate (MenC) vaccine was introduced as part of the Brazilian National Immunisation Program in 2010 for children < 1 year of age. Objectives: the study objective was to evaluate the impact of this vaccination strategy. Methods: an observational, mixed ecological and analytical study was conducted, based on time series panel data from surveillance records (2001-2013). Findings: a total of 37,538 of meningococcal disease cases were recorded during the study period. Of these, 19,997 were attributed to serogroup C. A decrease in meningococcal disease serogroup C (MDC) incidence among children aged < 1 year [65.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 20.5-84.7%] and 1-4 years (46.9%; 95%CI: 14.6-79.1%) were found in the three years following vaccination introduction. Vaccination impact on the reduction of MDC incidence varied from 83.7% (95%CI: 51.1-100.0%) in the Midwest region to 56.7% (95%CI: 37.4-76.0%) in the Northeast region. Main conclusions: vaccination against MDC in Brazil had a positive impact on the population of children aged < 1 year, across all regions, and on the 1-4 year-old cohort. Nevertheless, in our view there is scope for improving the vaccination strategy adopted in Brazil

    Máxima capacidade de hospedagem de geração distribuída no sistema de distribuição da UFJF usando estimação de estados

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    This paper presents a novel approach for the determination of the maximum hosting capacity of distributed generation in the UFJF (Universidade Federal de Fora) distribution system. Based on the modelling of the internal network of the institution using line impedances, the main load and generation centers data, the equivalent system is modeled in the Pandapower open-souce software utilizing the Python language. Based on Monte Carlo statistical method and the apllication of state estimation, the total amount of distributed generation to be accomodated into the system is calculated considering power quality criteria, different daily load profiles, power factors and case studies.Este artigo apresenta uma nova abordagem para a determinação da máxima capacidade de hospedagem de geração distribuída no sistema de distribuição da UFJF (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora). Através de uma modelagem da rede interna da instituição com dados de impedância dos cabos, principais centros de carga e geração, o sistema equivalente é modelado no software de código aberto PandaPower utilizando a linguagem Python. Baseado no método estatístico de Monte Carlo e na aplicação da estimação de estados, é determinado o montante total de geração distribuída o qual pode ser acomodado pelo sistema considerando critérios de qualidade de energia, diferentes perfis de carga, fatores de potência e casos de estudo

    Development of a Solar Panel Control Strategy for Tracking Maximum Power Generation / Desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de controlo de painéis solares para rastrear a produção máxima de energia

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    The solar panel is an essential energy conversion component of photovoltaic (PV) systems, an indispensable key for converting clean and sustainable solar energy into electricity. Over the last few years, there has been a growing demand for renewable sources due to sustainable development and global warming.  Therefore, this work  describes  the  prototype  of an electronic supervision and control system  for  the  orientation  of  a  bench  solar  panel. The developed tracker prototype has as its core an electronic circuit based on a commercial microcontroller model Tennsy 3.0, within which the control algorithm is embedded. In addition to the controller, a supervisory software was developed to monitor solar cells’ status in real-time. The supervisory showed the angle of the solar plate and values of luminosity and acquired power. Simulations results were presented to show that the amount of energy generated can   reach 37 %.

    Impacto da vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10-valente na meningite pneumocócica em crianças com até dois anos de idade no Brasil

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    O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da vacinação contra o Streptococcus pneumoniae na morbidade e mortalidade por meningite pneumocócica em crianças ≤ 2 anos, no Brasil, entre 2007-2012. Este é um estudo descritivo com análise ecológica, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram definidos os períodos pré-vacinal (2007-2009) e pós-vacinal (2011-2012) para comparar as taxas de incidência e mortalidade. Foram identificados 1.311 casos e 430 óbitos no período do estudo. A taxa de incidência diminuiu de 3,70/100.000 no ano de 2007 para 1,84/100.000 em 2012, e a mortalidade reduziu de 1,30/100.000 para 0,40/100.000, o que significa uma redução de 50% e 69%, respectivamente, com maior impacto identificado na faixa etária de 6 a 11 meses. Os resultados indicam uma diminuição nos indicadores de morbidade e mortalidade de meningite pneumocócica, observados dois anos após a introdução da vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10-valente, sugerindo sua efetividade.The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae on the morbidity and mortality from pneumococcal meningitis in children ≤ 2 years in Brazil, from 2007 to 2012. This is a descriptive study and ecological analysis using data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases. Pre-vaccination (2007-2009) and post-vaccination (2011-2012) periods were defined to compare incidence rates and mortality. A total of 1,311 cases and 430 deaths were reported during the study period. Incidence decreased from 3.70/100,000 in 2007 to 1.84/100,000 in 2012, and mortality decreased from 1.30/100,000 to 0.40/100,000, or 50% and 69% respectively, with the greatest impact in the 6-11 month age group. This decrease in Pneumococcal meningitis morbidity and mortality rates two years after introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine suggests its effectiveness.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la vacunación contra el Streptococcus pneumoniae en la morbilidad y mortalidad de la meningitis neumocócica en niños ≤ 2 años en Brasil, 2007-2012. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo ecológico que analiza los datos del Sistema de Información Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria en Brasil. El período previo (2007-2009) y posterior a la vacunación (2011-2012) fueron examinados para comparar las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad. 1.311 casos de meningitis neumocócica con 430 muertes se registraron durante el período de estudio. Hubo una disminución de la incidencia de 3,70 casos por 100.000 habitantes en 2007, a 1,84/100.000 en 2012, mientras que la tasa de mortalidad cayó 1,30 a 0,40 óbitos/100.000, se produjeron reducciones del 50% y 69%, respectivamente, con mayores impactos identificados entre los niños de 6-11 meses de edad. Los resultados indican una reducción en la morbilidad y mortalidad por meningitis neumocócica dos años después de la introducción de la vacuna conjugada antineumocócica 10-valente, lo que sugiere su eficacia

    Existe diferença morfológica entre músculos branquioméricos e somíticos submetidos ao consumo de alcool? Um estudo experimental em ratos (Rattus norvegicus)

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    Alcoholism is considered a physical dependence disorder. More than 18 million people are alcoholics in the USA and England and between 1/3 to ½ of them present some kind of physical disorder. In general the literature is focused on alcoholic trunk muscle disorders. These muscles have different embryological origins if compared to the masticatory muscles. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of alcohol on the masticatory muscles in order to compare them with the somitic muscles. For this purpose, 15 male Wistar rats weighing around 250g were used. The rats were divided into three groups: Normal control (N), Alcoholic (A) and Isocaloric (I). Slices of the masseter muscle, temporalis muscle and rectus abdominal muscle were harvested and submitted to histochemical reactions (m-ATPase: acid and alkaline pre incubation and NADH-TR). The myofibers were classified in SO, FOG and FG. The results showed atrophy of the fast fibers (FG and FOG) in the masticatory muscles but this atrophy was not statistically significant in this study (p< 0.05). On the other hand, significant atrophy occurred in the rectus abdominal muscle (pO alcoolismo é considerado uma doença que causa desordens físicas e também dependência. Mais de 18 milhões de pessoas nos Estados Unidos são alcoólatras e na Inglaterra, entre 1/3 à ½ delas apresentam algum tipo de desordem física. No geral a literatura está focada para as desordens que acometem os músculos do tronco. Esses músculos têm origem embriológica diferente dos músculos da mastigação. O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do álcool sobre os músculos da mastigação (branquiméricos) no intuito de compará-lo com as alterações que ocorrem nos músculos do tronco (miotômicos). Para isso 15 ratos machos Wistar, pesando ao redor de 250g foram utilizados. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos: Controle normal (N); Alcoolizado (A) e Isocalórico (I). Fragmentos dos músculos masseter, temporal e reto do abdome foram coletados e submetidos às reações de m-ATPase (com pré-incubações ácida e alcalina) e NADH-TR. As fibras puderam ser classificadas como FG, FOG e SO. Os resultados mostraram atrofia das fibras de contração rápida (FG e FOG) nos músculos da mastigação, embora esta atrofia, não tenha sido significante entre os grupos estudados. Por outro lado, atrofia significativa foi observada no músculo reto do abdome. Baseado nestes resultados pode-se concluir que o efeito do álcool sobre os músculos elevadores da mandíbula (m. masseter e m. temporal) é diferente se comparado aos observados em músculos somíticos (m. reto abdominal)

    Campylobacter coli in Swine Slaughtering Flowchart and Research of cdt Genes

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    Background: Campylobacter spp. are among the microorganisms most commonly associated with foodborne disease. Campylobacter spp. isolation from pigs during the slaughter and final products have been reported in several countries, including Brazil. However, very little is known about the sources of contamination in the slaughtering flowchart and how these microorganisms are spread in processing plants. Considering the possibility of the pigs carry Campylobacter spp. since the farm or its products are contaminated in the slaughterhouse, this study had as aim to track Campylobacter spp. in pig slaughtering flowchart to understand the behavior of these pathogens in the production line.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Forty animals of 10 lots, four from each lot, were followed during slaughter. Stool samples were collected from the floor of each enclosure where the pigs were housed on the farm and immediately after stunning on slaughterhouse. Samples from carcass surface were collected after removal of the animals from scrap machine, after evisceration and before the refrigeration chamber. It was also collected surface samples from jowls and samples from the scalding tank water before and after the passage of animals. The swabs containing samples were plated onto Columbia agar supplemented with activated charcoal, oxygen reduction solution and antibiotics supplement, and incubated at 42°C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions. The colonies which presented with a shiny and moist appearance were analyzed by Gram staining for identification of Campylobacter by morphology, and then tested for catalase and oxidase. The Campylobacter isolates were identified for species C. jejuni or C. coli by PCR. Bands profiles were determined by rep-PCR and used to compare the strains. Campylobacter was isolated from 19 (9.5%) of the 200 pig samples analyzed, seven (36.8%) of the rectum, seven (36.8%) after evisceration and five (26.3%) before the refrigeration chamber. Campylobacter was not isolated from jowls and from scalding tank water. All isolates were C. coliand cdtnegative.Persistence of strains originating from the farm and cross contaminations during the slaughtering flowchart was identified by the analysis of the bands profiles obtained by rep-PCR.Discussion: C. coli was the species of Campylobacter present in the swine intestinal tract and in the swine slaughterhouse. The animals, once contaminated, can carry the microorganism during the stages of the slaughtering flowchart. The farm where the animals came from is an important source of contamination during processing, however cross contamination also plays a relevant role. The evisceration was considered the most critical stage, due to the greater number of isolates obtained after this procedure, what emphasize the importance of the hygienic-sanitary management in this stage. Campylobacter spp. can survive, despite not being able to multiply, in foods at refrigeration temperatures (-1 to 5°C) for one to three weeks. Therefore, the high percentage of isolates obtained from the carcass before the refrigeration chamber may represent a problem, since the contamination of the carcasses that enter in this sector can be maintained until the food reaches the consumer. There was no similarity between strains isolated from different lots, indicating that there were no persistence of strains both in the farm and in the slaughterhouse

    Doença meningocócica no Brasil : descrição de casos, evidência da efetividade e do impacto da vacina anti-meningocócica conjugada sorogrupo C, 2001 – 2013

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    Introdução: A doença meningocócica (DM) é importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade em todo mundo. No Brasil, a doença tem caráter endêmico com ocorrência eventual de períodos epidêmicos. A vacina meningocócica C conjugada (MenC) foi incluída no calendário de vacinação da criança do Programa Nacional de Imunizações em 2010. Objetivos: Descrever a ocorrência da DM no Brasil e avaliar o impacto e a efetividade da vacina MenC, no período de 2001 a 2013. Métodos: Foram realizados três estudos: i) estudo descritivo utilizando os casos confirmados de DM registrados no sistema de informação de agravos de notificação (Sinan) entre 2001-2013; ii) estudo observacional ecológico misto, analítico, com análise de séries temporais baseada em dados de painéis utilizando os casos confirmados de DM registrados no Sinan entre 2001-2013; iii) estudo caso-controle não pareado para estimar a efetividade da vacina em crianças menores de cinco anos registradas como casos confirmados de DM no Sinan entre 2011-2015. Resultados: Ocorreu uma importante elevação das taxas de incidência (de 0,19 para 0,62 casos/100.000 habitantes), de mortalidade (0,02 para 0,13 óbitos/100.000 habitantes) e de letalidade (10,6 para 21,8%) da DM sorogrupo C entre 2001 e 2010, respectivamente. Nos três anos seguintes à introdução da vacina foi observada redução nas taxas de incidência da DM sorogrupo C para as crianças menores de um ano (65,2%; IC95%: 20,5%, 84,7%) e de um a quatro anos de idade (46,9%; IC95%: 14,6%, 79,1%). O impacto estimado da vacinação variou de 83,7% (IC95%: 51,1%, 100,0%) na região Centro- Oeste a 56,7% (IC95%: 37,4%, 76,0%) na região Nordeste. A efetividade da vacina MenC para os menores de cinco anos foi de 89,3% (IC95%: 83,3 a 93,1; p<0,001), e para os menores de um ano de idade foi de 93,0% (IC95%: 85,4 a 96,6; p<0,001). Conclusão: Ocorreu aumento expressivo da DM sorogrupo C no período de estudo, em especial até o ano de 2010. A vacina MenC demonstrou ter impacto na redução das taxas de incidência para as crianças menores de um ano de idade, em todas as regiões analisadas, bem como no grupo etário de um a quatro anos de idade. A vacina MenC apresentou ainda alta efetividade no contexto brasileiro entre crianças menores de cinco anos. Mesmo assim, acreditamos que há espaço para melhorar a estratégia de vacinação adotada no Brasil. Ações voltadas para melhoria do diagnóstico laboratorial, assistência aos pacientes, e avaliações das ações de imunização são de fundamental importância para o aprimoramento do controle da doença no país

    A critical analysis of serogroup B meningococcal disease burden in Brazil (2001–2015): implications for public health decisions

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    The recent licensure of two different serogroup B recombinant protein meningococcal vaccines in Brazil emphasizes the importance of a better knowledge of the real burden of serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) disease to establish evidence-based vaccination policies. We performed an observational, descriptive study, from 2001 to 2015, analyzing the incidence and case fatality rates (CFR) of MenB disease in Brazil, according to age group and region. In the absence of any vaccine use targeting MenB disease, a significant decline of 90% in the overall incidence rates of MenB disease was observed (from 0.55 cases/100,000 habitants in 2001 to 0.05 in 2015), with declines found in all age groups during the study period. The highest incidence rates were consistently observed in infants and children 1–4 year of age, whereas adults ≥ 60 years experienced the highest CFR (33.9%). The proportion of cases with serogroup identified increased from 37.1% in 2001 to 51.5% in 2015. Despite an improvement in recent years, the quality of diagnosis is highly heterogeneous in the diverse regions, presenting important deficiencies that still prevent the possibility of a robust and reliable analysis of the burden of the meningococcal disease in Brazil. Based on the findings of this study and taking in account the unlikely indirect effect associated with the use of the new recombinant serogroup B protein vaccines, infants < 1 year is the age group to be prioritized when considering the implementation of routine immunization programmes with MenB vaccines
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