Characterization of the knee articular cartilage of rats submitted to repetition efforts on treadmill running

Orientador: William Dias BelangeroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: O objetivo desse estudo, foi investigar qual o efeito produzido pela corrida em esteira rolante não inclinada, durante uma hora diária (cinco dias por semana), por 15, 30 e 60 dias, sobre a cartilagem hialina do joelho de ratos. Foram utilizados 30 animais, divididos em seis grupos, sendo três experimentais (GE), com cinco animais em cada grupo, submetidos à esteira correndo 585 metros, durante 60 minutos por sessão, por cinco dias por semana, e três grupos controle (GC), com cinco animais em cada grupo, não submetidos ao treinamento físico. Os animais do grupo experimental foram sacrificados após 15 (GE-1), 30 (GE-2), e 60 (GE-3) dias de seguimento. Dos 15 animais do grupo controle foram selecionados aleatoriamente sete animais, sendo dois do grupo de 15 dias e de 30 dias e três do grupo de 60 dias para as análises histológicas por microscopia óptica convencional (côndilo lateral do fêmur direito), pela lupa estereotáxica (côndilo lateral do fêmur esquerdo) e pela termogravimetria (côndilo medial do fêmur direito), segundo critérios da International Cartilage Repair Society (2002), modificado. Essas avaliações foram feitas comparando-se o grupo experimental com o grupo controle quanto à desorganização celular, presença rara ou freqüente de ¿cluster¿, mitoses, mensuração da espessura da cartilagem hialina, contagem do número de condrócitos, quantificação do conteúdo de água e aspecto da superfície articular analisadas com 16x e 32x de aumento. Todos os dados obtidos nos grupos controle e experimental foram comparados entre si utilizando-se testes não paramétricos (Prova U de Mann Whitney e teste de Kruskal Wallis) considerando-se significativo os valores de p iguais ou menores do que 0,05. Do ponto de vista histológico houve maior desarranjo celular (p=0,01), maior número de mitoses (p=0,02), maior número de condrócitos (p=0,003) e diminuição da espessura da cartilagem hialina (p=0,01) entre o controle e os animais do grupo de 60 dias. Houve tendência ao aumento do conteúdo da água no grupo de 60 dias (p=0,09) assim como redução da espessura da cartilagem e alterações da forma da superfície articular em relação aos demais grupos em todos os côndilos observados com 60 dias. Conclui-se que a atividade na esteira rolante utilizada durante 60 dias cinco dias por semana, uma hora por dia com percurso de 585 metros produziu alterações degenerativas na cartilagem hialina do côndio lateral do joelho de ratoAbstract: The effects of treadmill running on the knee hyaline cartilage was studied in rats. Thirty rats were divided in to six groups (five animals in each one). Three groups were used as control and three of them ran on the treadmill one hour a day, five days/week, for 15, 30 and 60 days. After this the animals were sacrificed. The hyaline cartilage was studied by optical microscopy (staining HE), by estereotaxic magnifying glass (magnified in 16 and 32X) and by Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. These analyses were done comparing the control group with the running group, and among the running groups with different times of exercises. In the histological analysis the grade of cellular organization in the layers of the cartilage, the frequency of the clusters and the mitoses and the number of chondrocytes was considered. The measurement of the thickness of the cartilage was done. The quantity of the water in the cartilage was evaluated by the reduction of the mass by evaporation in to 150oC, following the modified International Cartilage Repair Society score (2002). All results were analyzed by non-parametric tests, using Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests, with p < = 0,05. It was observed in histological analyses that the groups with 60 days of exercise presented cellular layers more disorganized (p=0,01), a higher number of mitoses (p=0,02) and chondrocytes (p=0,003), with hyaline cartilage thinner than the other groups (p=0,01). Besides this, there was a tendency of the 60-day group to have an increase of water content (p=0,09). The examination by magnifying glass showed that the hyaline cartilage was reduced and presented abnormalities on their surfaces. It was concluded that the exercise done by the rats on the treadmill over 60 days produced degenerative signs in the knee hyaline cartilageDoutoradoPesquisa ExperimentalDoutor em Cirurgi

Efecto del consumo de bebidas refrescantes en la morfología muscular de animales sometidos a entrenamiento concurrente

The consumption of industrialized foods and beverages contributes to the increase in body weight and manifestation of diverse illnesses. Among these industrialized products, soft drinks can be mentioned, which when consumed in large quantities can contribute to weight gain and the emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In terms of performance, several training protocols have been used, among which concurrent training is presented as a tool that can aid in the control of body weight and muscle development. Thus, the identification of dietary factors, as well as the use of appropriate training methods, can be essential factors in the increase in physical performance. To study the effects of concurrent training on the skeletal muscles of animals submitted to soft drink consumption. In the present study, 32 male rats were used, of the Wistar breed, in the post-weaning biological phase (30 days). The animals performed a concurrent training protocol. Forty-eight hours after the final training session, the animals were submitted to a surgical procedure to remove samples of gastrocnemius muscle. After preparation of the histological slides, the muscle fibers of the different groups of animals were measured. The median values for the minimum diameter of muscle fibers presented the following values: Control (C): 35.78, Control Soft Drinks (CSD): 36.93, Training (T): 39.12, and Training Soft Drinks (TSD): 37.82. The CSD and TSD groups demonstrated the greatest increase in body mass in relation to the C and T groups. In addition, the groups that performed the concurrent training presented a higher mean of the smallest fiber diameter. It was concluded that the ingestion of soft drinks had a negative effect on the muscular hypertrophy of animals submitted to a concurrent training protocol372671676CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESsem informaçãoEl consumo de alimentos y bebidas industrializadas contribuyen al aumento de peso corporal y manifestación de diversas enfermedades. Entre estos alimentos, se encuentran las bebidas refrescantes, que al ser consumidas en grandes proporciones, pueden contribuir al aumento de peso y a la aparición de enfermedades crónicas, tales como la hipertensión, diabetes y obesidad. En cuanto al desempeño, diversos protocolos han sido utilizados, entre estos, el entrenamiento concurrente que puede ser una forma de ayuda en el control de peso corporal y el desarrollo muscular. Siendo así, la identificación de los factores alimentarios, como también la utilización de los métodos correctos de entrenamiento, pueden ser esenciales en el aumento del desempeño físico. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos del entrenamiento concurrente en la musculatura esquelética de animales sometidos al consumo de bebidas refrescantes. En la presente investigación fueran utilizadas 32 ratas Wistar. Los animales fueran sometidos a un protocolo de entrenamiento concurrente. Después de 48 horas de la última sesión de entrenamiento, los animales fueran sometidos a un proceso quirúrgico para la remoción de muestras de tejido muscular. Los valores de la media del diámetro de las fibras musculares fueron: Control (C): 35,78; Control y Bebida Refrescante (CBR): 36,93; Entrenamiento (ET): 39,12; y Entrenamiento y Bebida Refrescante (EBR): 37,82. Se observó que los grupos CBR y EBR presentaron mayor aumento de masa corporal en comparación con C y T. Además, los grupos que realizaran el entrenamiento concurrente obtuvieron una mayor media en el diámetro de las fibras. Es posible concluir que el consumo de bebidas refrescantes tiene una influencia negativa en la hipertrofia muscular de animales sometidos a un protocolo de entrenamiento concurrentesem informaçã

Efecto de la hormona de crecimiento (hc) y el entrenamiento de fuerza en las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral

The indiscriminate use of anabolic steroids in gyms has been growing in a generalized way, among which, the most common is growth hormone (GH). In the short term GH may potentiate muscle growth, especially when taken in combination with resistance training. However, the effects of this hormone are not yet fully understood in the literature, especially in relation to collagen properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of growth hormone (GH) and resistance training (RT) on the collagen properties of femoral bone tissue using Raman Spectroscopy. In this study 40 male rats were randomly distributed into four groups (n=10): control (C), control and GH application (GH), resistance training (T), and resistance training and GH application (GHT). The training consisted of four series of 10 water jumps, performed three times a week, with an overload corresponding to 50 % of body weight and duration of four weeks. GH was applied at a dosage of 0.2 IU/Kg (0.067 mg/kg) to each animal, three times a week, every other day. The animals were euthanized and the right femurs were collected for analysis of bone structure. Raman spectroscopy (RS) was used to observe the following compounds from their respective bands: type I collagen (662 cm(-1)), amide III (1243 cm(-1)), proteins including type I collagen (1278 cm(-1)), woven collagen (1322 cm(-1)), association of collagen, phospholipids, nucleic acid, and phosphate (1330 cm(-1)), and collagen and protein deformation (1448 cm(-1)). The results demonstrated an increase in the collagen properties in all analyzed variables, however, the T group presented a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). It is possible to conclude that isolated physical training was shown to be more efficient than when combined with the application of GH to increase the collagen properties of the femoral bone tissue37414161421sem informação2013/14262-7El uso indiscriminado de anabolizantes en los gimnasios ha aumentado de forma generalizada, entre éstos la hormona de crecimiento (HC) es una de las más utilizadas, y a corto plazo puede potencializar el crecimiento muscular, principalmente cuando es realizado en combinación con el entrenamiento de fuerza. Sin embargo, los efectos de esta hormona aún no están totalmente esclarecidos en la literatura, especialmente en relación a las propiedades colágenas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación del HC y entrenamiento de fuerza (E) en las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral a partir de la utilización de la espectroscopía Raman. Se usaron 40 ratas Wistar distribuidos en cuatro grupos (n=10): control (C), control y aplicación del HC (HCC), entrenamiento de fuerza (E) y entrenamiento de fuerza y aplicación del HC (THC). El entrenamiento fue compuesto por cuatro series de 10 saltos acuáticos, realizados tres veces por semana, con sobrecarga correspondiente a 50 % del peso corporal y duración de cuatro semanas. El HC fue aplicado en una dosificación de 0,2 UI/Kg (0,067 mg/kg) en cada animal, tres veces por semana, en días no consecutivos. Los animales fueran eutanasiados y se retiró el fémur derecho para realización del análisis de la estructura ósea. La espectroscopía Raman (ER) fue utilizada para observar los siguientes compuestos a partir de las respectivas bandas: colágeno tipo I (662 cm-1), amida III (1243 cm1), proteínas, incluido colágeno tipo I (1278 cm-1), colágeno retorcido (1322 cm-1), asociación de colágeno, fosfolípidos, ácidos nucleicos y fosfato (1330 cm-1), deformación de colágeno y proteína (1448 cm-1). Hubo aumento en las propiedades colágenas en todas las variables analizadas, sin embargo, solamente el grupo E demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05). En conclusión, para el aumento de las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral, el entrenamiento físico aislado es más eficiente que el entrenamiento combinado con el uso de HCWe would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES, for the funding of this work and the Analyzes and Films Laboratory (LabMicro - FAPESP 2013/14262-7) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista - FCT/UNESP for providing the equipment and conducting the analyze

Muscle strength training is better than the use of growth hormone (GH) in bone health of wistar rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth hormone (GH) and muscle strength training (ST) on the composition of bone tissue of Wistar rats through Raman spectroscopy. In total, 40 male rats were randomly distributed into four groups: (N = 10) control (C), control with the application of GH (GHC), strength training (T), and strength training with the application of GH (GHT). The training consisted of four series of 10 water jumps, performed three times a week, with an overload corresponding to 50 % of body weight and duration of four weeks. GH was applied at a dose of 0.2 IU / kg in each animal three times a week and every other day. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized and the right femurs collected for analysis of the bone structure. Raman spectroscopy (FR) was used to observe the following compounds from their respective bands: Calcium Carbonate-Triglycerides (fatty acids) 1073 cm(-1), Collagen type I 509 cm(-1), Bone-DNA Phosphate (Protein) 589 cm(-1), Phosphate Phospholipids 1078 cm(-1). For the statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA One-Way variance analysis normality tests were performed, followed by the Tukey post-test The results showed an increase in the concentrations of calcium carbonate-triglycerides (fatty acids), type I collagen, bone phosphate-DNA (protein), and phosphate phospholipids in all experimental groups, with or without ST and/or GH , But only the isolated training group differed significantly from the control group (P <0.05). It was concluded that all treatments could promote bone tissue gain, however, only the T group demonstrated a significant difference in the mineral compounds analyzed371104110COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESSem informaçã

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Concurrent training effect on muscle fibers in Wistar rats

The aim of the present study was to determine the modeling of muscle fibers in rats submitted to different exercise protocols. Fifty-five Wistar rats were submitted divided into four different groups: Control group (CG; N=16); endurance training group (ETG; N=13), strength training group (STG; N=13) and concurrent training group (CTG; N=13). The intensity of endurance training was determined by the critical workload. Statistical analysis involved the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple comparisons, followed by Dunn's post test (p0.05) occurred in the STG and CTG at both four (mean: 2952,95 +/- 878,39 mean: 2988,84 +/- 822,58) and eight weeks respectively (mean: 3020,26 +/- 800.91; mean: 3104,91 +/- 817,87). The findings demonstrate similar results obtained with strength training and concurrent training, with a greater increase in muscle fiber area in both groups in comparison to the control group and group submitted to endurance training.O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a modelação das fibras musculares de ratos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de treinamento físico. Foram utilizados 55 animais da raça Wistar, dos quais foram submetidos a quatro diferentes tratamentos, sendo estes: o grupo controle (CTLE), treinamento aeróbio (TAE), treinamento de força (TAN) e treinamento concorrente (TCc). A intensidade do treinamento aeróbio foi determinada pela carga crítica de trabalho. Utilizou-se o teste de Kruscal-Wallis para comparações múltiplas, com pós-teste de Dunn, adotou-se o valor de significância de 5% (p=0,05). Observou-se que os grupos de animais treinados mostraram aumento na área de secção transversa (AST) das fibras musculares. Não foi verificada diferença significante (p>0,05) entre os grupos TAN e TCc, tanto em quatro (média:2952,95 ± 878,39 média:2988,84 ± 822,58) como após oito semanas (média:3020,26 ± 800,91; média:3104,91 ± 817,87). Os protocolos de TAN e TCc não se diferenciaram entre si e demonstraram aumento da AST quando comparados aos demais grupos de animais.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Análisis de la morfometría y de la dimensión fractal en la lesión del tejido muscular esquelético expuesto en la combinación de los tratamientos de crioterapia y ultrasonido

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an association of cryotherapy and therapeutic ultrasound on the treatment of muscle injured by impact. Fifty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 11), Acute Injury (AI), Injury (I), Cryotherapy (CR), Therapeutic Ultrasound (TU) and Association of Cryotherapy and Therapeutic Ultrasound (CRTU). The CR and CRTU groups received applications of Cryotherapy three times (immediately, 24 and 48 h after injury) of 20 minutes duration. The TU and CRTU groups received applications of Therapeutic Ultrasound for seven days, for five minutes, in pulsed mode, 0.5 w/cm intensity, frequency 1 MHz. Body mass and gastrocnemius mass were analyzed. In addition to histological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin used for morphometric analysis, picrosirius dye was used for quantification of collagen by Fractal Dimension (FD). The results of the intra-group analysis showed lower body mass and gastrocnemius in the CRTU group in relation to the AI (p = 0.001), I (p = 0.001), CR (p = 0.001) and TU groups (p = 0.001), and lower values of FD to quantify collagen in the CRTU group in relation to the AI (p = 0.007) and CR groups (p = 0.014). In summary, the present study showed that the association of Cryotherapy with Therapeutic Ultrasound promoted better results in the aspects analyzed compared to application of the therapies in isolation34310761082El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la asociación de las técnicas de crioterapia y ultrasonido terapéutico en el tratamiento de la lesión muscular por impacto. Fueron utilizadas 55 ratas Wistar, expuestas a lesión y separadas en grupos (n = 11): Lesión aguda (LA), Lesión (L), Crioterapia (CR), Ultrasonido Terapéutico (UT) y Crioterapia + Ultrasonido Terapéutico (CRUT). Los grupos CR y CRUT recibieron la aplicación, durante 20 minutos, en tres momentos (inmediatamente, 24 y 48 horas, después de la lesión). Los grupos UT y CRUT, recibieron UT por siete días, con una duración de cinco minutos, en modo pulsado, con una intensidad de 0,5 W/cm2 y frecuencia de 1 MHz. Fueran medidos el peso corporal y el peso de los músculos gastrocnemios y se realizaron cortes histológicos del músculo gastrocnemio, los cuales fueron teñidos con hematoxilina-eosina (HE) para el análisis morfométrico y con picrosirius para el análisis del colágeno por dimensión fractal (DF). Los resultados de los análisis intragrupo demostraron una menor disminución de la masa coporal y muscular en el grupo CRUT. Además, fue observado un valor inferior en la morfometría en el grupo CRUT en comparación a los grupos LA (p = 0,001), L (p = 0,001), CR (p = 0,001) y UT (p = 0,001), y un menor valor de la DF con respecto al colágeno en el grupo CRUT en comparación a los grupos LA (p = 0,007) y CR (p = 0,014). En síntesis, el presente estudio demostró que el protocolo de asociación de las técnicas de CR y UT causaron mayores respuestas benéficas en los aspectos analizados en comparación a los protocolos con los tratamientos aplicados de forma aisladasem informaçã

Muscle response to the association of statin and physical exercise in rats

Physical exercise and statins, which are recommended for the treatment of dyslipidemia, are independently associated to the occurrence of muscle injury. The objective is analyze the effect of aerobic exercise associated to the use of simvastatin on the morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into six groups, two of which received a standard diet (1 sedentary and 1 exercised) and four (1 sedentary with medication, 1 sedentary without medication, 1 exercised with medication, 1 exercised without medication) received a hypercholesterolemic diet (standard diet with the addition of cholesterol and coconut oil). Simvastatin (20 mg/Kg) was administered five days a week for eight weeks, together with aerobic training on a treadmill (9.75 m/min) for 60 minutes a day. The gastrocnemius muscle was removed, sliced, stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and submitted to a histochemical reaction to determine mitochondrial activity. The data were analyzed using a paired t-test, analysis of variance and Scheffe's post hoc test (p<0.05). Greater histological alterations were found in the medicated and exercised animals, with a greater frequency of occurrence as well. The histochemical analysis revealed that the medicated groups had fibers with more intensive mitochondrial activity alongside fibers with an absence of reaction. The morphometric analysis revealed no significant differences between groups. It is suggested that simvastatin is a medication that leads to the occurrence of muscle injury and its administration in association with physical activity may exacerbate these injuries. This finding may be related to cellular respiration.El ejercicio físico y las estatinas, son intervenciones recomendadas para el tratamiento de la dislipidemia y están independientemente asociadas con la ocurrencia de lesiones musculares. El objetivo fue analizar el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico asociado al uso de la sinvastatina en la morfología del músculo gastrocnemio. 30 ratas macho Wistar fueron divididos en 6 grupos, de los cuales 2 recibieron ración padrón, sedentarios, ejercitados y 4 recibieron dieta con alto nivel de colesterol, sedentarios con y sin medicamento, ejercitados con y sin medicamentos. La dieta fue elaborada a partir de una dieta padrón aumentada de colesterol y aceite de coco. La Sinvastatina (20 mg) fue administrada por 5 días por semana durante 8 semanas (20 mg/kg), junto al entrenamiento aeróbico en la estera (9,75 m/min) por 60 minutos por día. El músculo gastrocnemio colectado fue cortado y colorido por el método Hematoxilina-Eosina y sometido a una reacción histoquímica para verificar la actividad mitocondrial. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el test t pareado, análisis de la variancia e Pos-Hoc de Scheffé, adoptándose p<0,05. Se verifico la presencia de alteraciones histológicas más significativas en los animales medicados y ejercitados, siendo también mayor la frecuencia de ocurrencia. El análisis histoquímica apunto que los grupos medicados presentaron fibras con actividad mitocondrial más intensa, al lado de fibras con pérdida de reacción. Los resultados de la morfometría no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos estudiados. Se puede sugerir que la simvastatina es un medicamento que lleva a la ocurrencia de lesiones musculares e que su administración concomitante con la práctica de actividad física puede exacerbar estas lesiones, pudiendo tal hecho, estar relacionado con la respiración celular