Actions of the entreprise’s social responsibility.Does it attract, retain and motivate theintellectual capital of the company?

[Resumo] Este artigo establece, a través dunha investigación de campo, a importancia da implantación da responsabilidade social nas empresas co fin de estas reteren o seu capital intelectual. A fugade cerebros e a retención do talento é arestora un tema de actualidade que preocupa as grandes entidades, as cales intentan motivar, atraer e reter o seu know how para lograren desta forma posicionarse como líderes no seu sector ou nicho de mercado. Para isto, implementan dentro das súas políticas a responsabilidade social empresarial, con accións que varían en función da xeración a que pertence o seu cadro de persoal e que se relacionan neste estudo.[Abstract] This article establishes the importance of the implantation of the enterprise social responsibility in the companies to retain its intellectual capital through a field research. The brain drain and the retention of talent, are very current subjects and a concern for the big companies, that try to motivate, to attract and to retain its know how and thus to position themselves as the leader sin its sector or niche of market. For this reason, they implement enterprise social responsibility within their policies, with actions that vary based on the generation to which their group belongs and that is related in this study

Make it big to think differently and regardless of size:best human capital management practices

[Resumo] Este traballo busca reflexionar sobre as potencialidades e limitacións do tecido empresarial español e a xestión de persoas no momento actual. Así, nel analízase a relación entre o capital intelectual e a formación de competencias contextualizadas como boas prácticas en xestiónorganizacional, instrumentada a través do voluntariado corporativo, a cultura do benestar e a conciliación. Tal análise baséase nos conceptos teóricos relativos ás áreas da socioloxía dasorganizacións e a xestión de recursos humanos.[Resumen] This work seeks to reflect about the current reality of Spanish business and people management,according to their limitations, but mostly to their potential. The empirical object of this article is to analyse the relationship between intellectual capital and skills training, contextualized as good organizational management practices, implemented through corporate volunteering, welfare culture and conciliation. This analysis is based on theoretical concepts relating to the areas of the sociology of organizations and human resources management

La red social del adolescente: la influencia de la amistad en el desarrollo de hábitos obesogénicos

This aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of social networks in the obese adolescent's environment. This study emerged in response to the paucity of information encountered in the literature as regards whether adolescents eat better or worse and/or performs more or less physical exercisedepending on their friendship networks. We performed a literature search at the University of León library which focused on obesity and an analysis of young people's social networks, exploring databases such as the Web of Knowledge (WOK), SciELO and Scopus, among others. Articles and other documents of interest were identified using journals from the disciplines of Sociology and the Health Sciences. After the most relevant texts had been read in full, the following results were obtained: (1) relationships influence adolescents' habits, (2) the quality and quantity of food they consume can depend on the type of network to which they belong, and (3) the amount of physical exercise that adolescents do can be influenced by their best friends, by the wider group to which they belong and even by friends of friends. The foregoing suggests that the study of adolescents' social networks could be a useful tool for identifying behaviour patterns; it is therefore applicable to health and public health programmes and would contribute to the sustainability of the systemEl presente artículo pretende justificar la relevancia de las relaciones sociales en el entorno del adolescente obeso. La motivación por este enfoque surgió debido al vacío que se ha encontrado en estudios que expliquen si los adolescentes comen mejor o peor y/o realizan más o menos ejercicio físico dependiendo de su red de amigos. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica centrada en la obesidad y el análisis de las redes sociales de los jóvenes a través de la Biblioteca de la Universidad de León, en diferentes bases de datos tales como Web of Knowledge (WOK), Scielo, Scopus, entre otras. Se obtuvieron artículos y otros documentos de interés utilizando revistas pertenecientes a las disciplinas de la Sociología y de las Ciencias de la Salud. Tras realizar la lectura de los textos más relevantes se pudo obtener los siguientes resultados: (1) las relaciones influyen en los hábitos de los adolescentes, (2) la calidad y la cantidad de comida puede depender del tipo de red que le rodea, y (3) el nivel de ejercicio físico que tiene un individuo se puede ver influenciado por sus mejores amigos, por el grupo en general que le rodea e incluso por los amigos de sus amigos. De todo ello se deriva, que el estudio de la red social del individuo puede ser una herramienta útil a la hora de visualizar los patrones de comportamiento, y por tanto, aplicable a los programas de salud y salud pública contribuyendo, de esta forma, a la sostenibilidad del sistema

Study of the Microstructure Evolution of Low-pH Cements Based on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by Mid- and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, and Their Influence on Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement

Low-pH cements are designed to be used in underground repositories for high level waste. When they are based on Ordinary Portland Cements (OPC), high mineral admixture contents must be used which significantly modify their microstructure properties and performance. This paper evaluates the microstructure evolution of low-pH cement pastes based on OPC plus silica fume and/or fly ashes, using Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared spectroscopy to detect cement pastes mainly composed of high polymerized C-A-S-H gels with low C/S ratios. In addition, the lower pore solution pH of these special cementitious materials have been monitored with embedded metallic sensors. Besides, as the use of reinforced concrete can be required in underground repositories, the influence of low-pH cementitious materials on steel reinforcement corrosion was analysed. Due to their lower pore solution pH and their different pore solution chemical composition a clear influence on steel reinforcement corrosion was detecte

Cannabis use and nonuse in patients with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing neurocognitive functioning

BACKGROUND.: The implications of cannabis use in the onset of early psychosis and the severity of psychotic symptoms have resulted in a proliferation of studies on this issue. However, few have examined the effects of cannabis use on the cognitive symptoms of psychosis (i.e., neurocognitive functioning) in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the neurocognitive functioning of cannabis users (CU) and nonusers (NU) with FEP. METHODS.: Of the 110 studies identified through the systematic review of 6 databases, 7 met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 14 independent samples and 78 effect sizes. The total sample included 304 CU with FEP and 369 NU with FEP. The moderator variables were age at first use, duration of use, percentage of males, and age. RESULTS.: Effect sizes were not significantly different from zero in any neurocognitive domain when users and NU were compared. Part of the variability in effect sizes was explained by the inclusion of the following moderator variables: (1) frequency of cannabis use (beta = 0.013, F = 7.56, p = 0.017); (2) first-generation antipsychotics (beta = 0.019, F = 34.46, p ≤ 0.001); and (3) country where the study was carried out (beta = 0.266, t = 2.06, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS.: This meta-analysis indicates that cannabis use is not generally associated with neurocognitive functioning in patients with FEP. However, it highlights the deleterious effect of low doses of cannabis in some patients. It also stresses the importance of the type of antipsychotic prescription and cannabis dose as moderator variables in the neurocognitive functioning of CU with FEP.This study was partially funded by UNIR Research(http:// research.unir.net), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR, http://www. unir.net), under Research Support Strategy 3 [2015–2017], Research Group “PSICONLINE General Health Psychology,” and the Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (MINECO) within the framework of the Subprogram Challenge-Research (Retos-Investigación) I+D+I 2017 (PSI2017- 82542-R)

Impact of land cover change on ecosystem service supply in mountain systems: a case study in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW of Spain)

P. 529–542Land abandonment and the loss of traditional farming practices are thought to control land cover dynamics, and hence the ecosystem service supply in traditionally managed mountain landscapes. We evaluate the impact of land cover changes in Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain), over 1990–2012, on the potential supply capacity of ecosystem services (regulating, provisioning, and cultural) at both regional and local scales. We also analyze trends in the use of ecosystem services at the local scale. Land cover changes were estimated from CORINE Land Cover database. Patterns of potential ecosystem service supply were assessed by applying an ecosystem service supply capacity matrix and trends in their actual use by using field data. Main trajectories of land cover change encompassed woody vegetation spread in semi-natural open systems and agricultural expansion in the most suitable areas. The capacity of landscape to provide ecosystem services improved during 1990–2012 at both scales. We detected trade-offs between the potential supply of ecosystem services associated to natural systems and those linked to traditional land uses, at both regional and local scales. Changes in the potential supply of ecosystem services matched trends in ecosystem service use. This study could help develop future scenarios to address upcoming challenges in ecosystem service supplyS

Alteración de la autofagia y su modulación por una dieta rica en lípidos en un modelo murino de Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica

La Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que se caracteriza por una afectación y pérdida selectiva de las motoneuronas y por una progresiva debilidad muscular. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos causantes de esta enfermedad no se conocen todavía, pero en los últimos años, entre las muchas teorías propuestas, se postula que la acumulación de proteínas anormalmente plegadas podría estar relacionada con el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Los dos principales mecanismos que participan en la proteostasis celular son la autofagia y el sistema ubiquitina-proteasoma (UPS), y ambos procesos pueden ser esenciales para la reducción de la toxicidad mediada por la proteína SOD1 mutada. En esta Tesis Doctoral se han estudiado los procesos de degradación proteica mediada por la autofagia y por el proteasoma, así como los procesos de muerte celular programada a lo largo de la enfermedad en el músculo esquelético y la médula espinal en el modelo murino SOD1G93A. En un primer lugar, para eliminar el sesgo por el efecto del género en los procedimientos experimentales, se determinaron las diferencias existentes entre machos y hembras en la autofagia constitutiva en el músculo esquelético y la médula espinal de ratones wild type. Los resultados obtenidos indican que existen diferencias en los marcadores de autofagia objeto de estudio (LC3 y p62) entre ambos sexos, y además estas diferencias son específicas del tejido estudiado. Después de confirmar la necesidad de incluir grupos experimentales balanceados para el sexo, se ha estudiado la activación de la autofagia y el proteasoma en el músculo esquelético de los ratones modelo a lo largo de la enfermedad. Los datos obtenidos indican una alteración en la actividad del proteasoma en los estadios estudiados y un aumento de la autofagia en el estadio terminal de la enfermedad. Además el análisis del proceso de muerte celular por apoptosis, indica que no se producen una activación significativa de la misma en la progresión de la enfermedad. Por otra parte, se han comparado distintas pruebas de comportamiento para conocer cuál de ellas es la más adecuada para poder evaluar el efecto de un posible tratamiento en nuestros ratones modelo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que tanto el test de rotarod como de la rejilla, son las pruebas más sensibles para detectar fallos tempranos en el comportamiento motor de los ratones, y además estas pruebas permiten realizar una adecuada caracterización del comportamiento motor de dichos animales. Posteriormente, se realizó un ensayo pre-clínico consistente en la administración de una dieta enriquecida en lípidos, concretamente con aceite de oliva extra virgen y con aceite de palma, en los ratones modelo. La ingestión de la dieta enriquecida con aceite de oliva extra virgen mejora el comportamiento motor y aumenta la supervivencia de los animales, además de mejorar el estado del músculo como lo evidencia el aumento del grosor de las fibras. Tal y como esperábamos, esta dieta produce una mejora de los indicadores moleculares de la autofagia y de los parámetros asociados al estrés del retículo endoplasmático y al daño muscular en el estadio terminal de la enfermedad. Finalmente, puesto que los procesos de muerte celular programada han sido ampliamente estudiados en la médula espinal, pero no los procesos de degradación proteica, se ha llevado a cabo el estudio de los mismos en dicho tejido. El análisis de estos mecanismos a lo largo de la enfermedad en el modelo animal indica que la autofagia no tiene un papel tan relevante como en el músculo esquelético, y el proteasoma se encuentra activado sólo en estadios terminales de la enfermedad. Las alteraciones observadas en los procesos de degradación proteica objeto de estudio a lo largo de la enfermedad se presentan como una posible diana terapéutica, tal como se ha demostrado con la administración de una dieta enriquecida con aceite de oliva extra virgen

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Coinfections With Rhinovirus and Human Bocavirus in Hospitalized Children

It is not clearly established if coinfections are more severe than single viral respiratory infections.The aim of the study was to study and to compare simple infections and viral coinfections of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized children.From September 2005 to August 2013, a prospective study was conducted on children younger than 14 years of age, admitted with respiratory infection to the Pediatric Department of the Severo Ochoa Hospital, in Spain. Specimens of nasopharyngeal aspirate were taken for virological study by using polymerase chain reaction, and clinical data were recorded. Simple RSV infections were selected and compared with double infections of RSV with rhinovirus (RV) or with human bocavirus (HBoV).In this study, 2993 episodes corresponding to 2525 children were analyzed. At least 1 virus was detected in 77% (2312) of the episodes. Single infections (599 RSV, 513 RV, and 81 HBoV) were compared with 120 RSV-RV and 60 RSV-HBoV double infections. The RSV-RV coinfections had fever (63% vs 43%; P < 0.001) and hypoxia (70% vs 43%; P < 0.001) more often than RV infections. Hypoxia was similar between single or dual infections (71%). Bronchiolitis was more frequent in the RSV simple group (P < 0.001). Pediatric intensive care unit admission was more common in RSV simple or RSV-RV groups than in the RV monoinfection (P = 0.042).Hospitalization was longer for both RSV simple group and RSV-HBoV coinfection, lasting about 1 day (4.7 vs 3.8 days; P < 0.001) longer than in simple HBoV infections. There were no differences in PICU admission. RSV single group was of a younger age than the other groups.Coinfections between RSV-RV and RSV-HBoV are frequent. Overall viral coinfections do not present greater severity, but have mixed clinical features.This study has been partially supported by FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias – Spanish Health Research Fund) Grants No.: PI06/0532, PI09/00246, and PI12/01291.S

Identification of targets for prevention of peritoneal catheter tunnel and exit-site infections in low incidence settings

[Abstract] ♦ Background: Peritoneal catheter tunnel and exit-site infection (TESI) complicates the clinical course of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Adherence to recommendations for catheter insertion, exit-site care, and management of Staphylococcus aureus (SAu) carriage reduces, but does not abrogate the risk of these infections. ♦ Objective: To reappraise the risk profile for TESI in an experienced center with a long-term focus on management of SAu carriage and a low incidence of these infections. ♦ Method: Following a retrospective, observational design, we investigated 665 patients incident on PD. The main study variable was survival to the first episode of TESI. We considered selected demographic, clinical, and technical variables, applying multivariate strategies of analysis. ♦ Main results: The overall incidence of TESI was 1 episode/68.5 patient-months. Staphylococcus aureus carriage disclosed at inception of PD (but not if observed sporadically during follow-up) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.53, p = 0.009), PD started shortly after catheter insertion (HR 0.98 per day, p = 0.011), PD after kidney transplant failure (HR 2.18, p = 0.017), lower hemoglobin levels (HR 0.88 per g/dL, p = 0.013) and fast peritoneal transport rates (HR 2.92, p = 0.03) portended an increased risk of TESI. Delaying PD ≥ 30 days after catheter insertion markedly improved the probability of TESI. Carriage of methicillin-resistant SAu since the start of PD was associated with a high incidence of TESI by these bacteria. On the contrary, resistance to mupirocin did not predict such a risk, probably due to the use of an alternative regime in affected patients. ♦ Conclusions: Adherence to current recommendations results in a low incidence of TESI in PD patients. Interventions on specific risk subsets have a potential to bring incidence close to negligible levels. Despite systematic screening and management, SAu carriage is still a predictor of TESI. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns may help to refine stratification of the risk of TESI by these bacteria. Early insertion of the peritoneal catheter should be considered whenever possible, to reduce the risk of later TESI

Defective Adaption of Erythrocytes During Acute Hypoxia Injury in an Elderly Population

The present study investigated the changes in several erythrocyte oxidative stress biomarkers in hypoxic elderly individuals to analyze the deleterious effects of low oxyhemoglobin saturation in an elderly population. We collected blood samples from one normoxic middle-aged group and two groups composed of individuals older than 75 years of age: one normoxic group and one hypoxic group. Aging appeared to provoke a defective erythrocyte antioxidant defense associated with increased oxidative damage in the elderly population. Acute hypoxia activated an insufficient antioxidant defense response as suggested by the oxidative damage observed. The oxidative imbalance presented in older participants and increased in hypoxia participants had a direct effect on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cell distribution. Oxidative stress levels altered Band 3 protein and mediated caspase-3 activation in erythrocyte from the aged group although it was not extended to hypoxic individuals. Therefore, aged participants appeared to activate an insufficient antioxidant response against hypoxia-related oxidative stress.Instituto Carlos III (FISS-06-RD06/0013/0011); Ministerio de Agricultura and FEDER (INIA RTA2007-00087-C02-02); FICYT (Gobierno del Principado de Asturias) (IB09-134)