Morphological Features of the Acupuncture Points of Bladder Meridian in the Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

Background: The acupuncture points are considered a point in the skin of sensitivity to stimulation. The acupuncture meridians represent the communication between acupuncture points and internal organs. The giant anteater (Mirmecophaga tridactyla) is routinely attended in veterinary centers, and is pivotal to know its morphology and therapies such as acupuncture that, probably, can be used in medical practice. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological substrate in regions that correspond to the transposition of acupuncture points of the Bladder Meridian using radiography, ultrasonography, electrical impedance and histology in the giant anteater.Material, Methods & Results: Seven giant anteaters (six males and one female) were used. The animals were from the Center of Medicine and Research in Wild Animals (CEMPAS), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo. The acupoints of Bladder Meridian evaluated were Bladder 11 (B-11), Bladder 18 (B-18), Bladder 23 (B-23), Bladder 25 (B-25), and Bladder 28 (B-28). The locations of the acupoints were transposed based on the location of these acupuncture points in dogs. Four animals were live and were used for radiographic, ultrasonographic, and electrical impedance analysis. Three animals were died and the fragments of this acupoints were destined to histological routine with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson’s Trichrome stains. The giant anteaters studied had fifteen thoracic vertebrae, three lumbar vertebrae, and five sacral vertebrae fused in a single bone. The acupuncture points were characterized by presence of abundant connective tissue at the superficial and intermuscular level, muscular fascia, and many neurovascular bundles in the dermal layer. These bundles consisted of nerves, arteries and veins of various calibers. The spaces between the nerves and blood vessels were filled by loose connective tissue containing adipose cells, capillaries, and sweat glands.Discussion: The network of acupuncture points can be seen as a representation of a network formed by interstitial connective tissue. This hypothesis is supported by ultrasound imaging that demonstrated plans for cleavage of connective tissue at acupuncture points in normal humans. It seems that the anatomical relationship of acupoints and meridians with connective tissue planes is relevant to the mechanism of action of acupuncture and suggests an important integrative role for interstitial connective tissue. The presence of connective tissue was observed in the transposition areas studied in the giant anteater using ultrasound. The main histological structures found in the transposition regions of the acupoints in the giant anteater were the nerve and connective tissue, similar to other studies, who claimed that the nerve is the main histological component of an acupoint. Therefore, there are reports suggesting that the network of acupoints and meridians can be seen as a representation of a network formed by interstitial connective tissue and that this relationship is important for the therapeutic mechanism of acupuncture. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to infer that the studied regions present a morphological substrate that is consistent with the characteristics of an acupuncture point. Thus, it is suggested that there are probably acupuncture points in these regions in the giant anteater, which makes possible the use of this alternative medical therapy for the treatment of these animals

Early osseointegration driven by the surface chemistry and wettability of dental implants

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of two different commercially available dental implants on osseointegration. The surfaces were sandblasting and acid etching (Group 1) and sandblasting and acid etching, then maintained in an isotonic solution of 0.9% sodium chloride (Group 2). Material and Methods X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed for surface chemistry analysis. Surface morphology and topography was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy (CM), respectively. Contact angle analysis (CAA) was employed for wetting evaluation. Bone-implant-contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupied (BAFO) analysis were performed on thin sections (30 μm) 14 and 28 days after the installation of 10 implants from each group (n=20) in rabbits' tibias. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA at the 95% level of significance considering implantation time and implant surface as independent variables. Results Group 2 showed 3-fold less carbon on the surface and a markedly enhanced hydrophilicity compared to Group 1 but a similar surface roughness (p>;0.05). BIC and BAFO levels in Group 2 at 14 days were similar to those in Group 1 at 28 days. After 28 days of installation, BIC and BAFO measurements of Group 2 were approximately 1.5-fold greater than in Group 1 (

Planejamento e contradições: o código de obras e a produção do espaço urbano de Palmas (TO)

The new and medium-sized city of Palmas, capital designed for the state of Tocantins in 1989, presents urban problems typical of large Brazilian capitalist cities, ranging from socio-spatial segregation and high real estate speculation illegal use and occupation even of real estate units, with deviations in destination, extrapolations of coefficient of use and appropriation of public spaces. It was up to this master's research to reflect on how the Palmas’s Building Code, an instrument of control and enforcement of the municipal Urban Policy, contributed to the space urban production process. In the light of the theory of social production of space and under the hypothesis that there is a clash between what is imposed by the building code (planning) and what exists (produced) in the Palmas urban space. Not generated after a long historical process nor due to the lack of projects, plans and urban legislation, but due to illegal use and occupation, due to buildings that pay little attention to previously established planning. To this end, the work methodology is based on a qualitative approach, which articulates the theoretical- conceptual foundation, document analysis and field survey, as well as interviews with professionals working in the area in order to achieve the objectives of the work. The analysis allowed verifying if the Palmas Building Code is the foundation of the municipal urban policy since the conception of the city and brought since the first substitution, taking of control and inspection that could effect the urban policy in the sense of fulfilling the social function of the private property and the city itself. On the other hand, the instrument is weakened by parallel laws that allow the licensing of buildings even in disagreement with the code and weakened in the analysis of medium and large-sized and complex developments, since there is no regulation for studying the impact of the surroundings, for example. In this way, Palmas has produced a conflicting urban space, engendered mainly by biological and speculative interests of isolated groups to the detriment of the collective that, by intervening in the urban, reverberate in the way of living, working and socializing of its inhabitants.A nova e média cidade de Palmas, capital projetada para o estado de Tocantins em 1989, apresenta problemas urbanos típicos de grandes cidades capitalistas brasileiras, que vão desde a segregação socioespacial e alta especulação imobiliária até ilegalismos de uso e ocupação das unidades imobiliárias, com desvios de destinação, extrapolamentos de coeficiente de uso e apropriação de logradouros públicos. Coube a esta pesquisa de mestrado refletir de que maneira o Código de Obras de Palmas, instrumento de controle e efetivação da Política Urbana municipal, contribuiu no processo de produção do espaço urbano. À luz da teoria da produção social do espaço e sob a hipótese de que há um choque entre o que é imposto pelo código de obras (planejamento) e o que existe (produzido) no espaço urbano de Palmas. Não gerado após um longo processo histórico nem pela falta de projetos, planos e legislação urbanística, mas por ilegalismos de uso e ocupação, por edificações que pouco consideraram o planejamento previamente estabelecido. Para tanto, a metodologia de trabalho se consubstanciou em uma abordagem qualitativa, que articulou a fundamentação teórico-conceitual, a análise documental e o levantamento de campo, além de entrevistas a profissionais atuantes na área, a fim de alcançar os objetivos do trabalho. A análise permitiu verificar que o Código de Obras de Palmas é alicerce da política urbana municipal desde a concepção da cidade e trouxe, desde a primeira publicação, mecanismos de licenciamento e fiscalização que pudessem efetivar a política urbana no sentido de cumprir a função social da propriedade privada e da própria cidade. Por outro lado, que o instrumento é enfraquecido por leis paralelas que permitem o licenciamento de edificações mesmo em desacordo com o código, e fragilizado nas análises de empreendimentos de médio e grande porte e complexidade, uma vez que não há regulamentação de estudo de impacto de vizinhança, por exemplo. De tal modo, Palmas tem produzido um espaço urbano conflitante, engendrado principalmente por interesses econômicos e especulativos de grupos isolados em detrimento do coletivo que, ao intervir no urbano, reverberam na forma de morar, trabalhar e socializar de seus habitantes

Tabelas de honorários profissionais como infração à ordem econômica

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, 2013.Trata o presente Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso das tabelas de honorários profissionais como infrações à ordem econômica, privilegiando-se, para tanto, a ótica concorrencial da questão. Quanto ao percurso escolhido para apresentar o tema, busca-se partir da exposição dos principais fundamentos de Direito da Concorrência relevantes ao caso. Após essa seção de temas mais gerais, busca-se, de forma bastante pontual, caracterizar a infração à ordem econômica consistente em acordos entre concorrentes, dando principal enfoque aos acordos horizontais, entre agentes concorrentes no mercado, o que constitui, na ampla maioria dos casos, o ilícito de cartel. Por último, passa-se ao tratamento da questão das tabelas de honorários profissionais em si. O primeiro esforço é dedicado à definição do que caracterizaria uma tabela de honorários profissionais. Segundo esforço é dedicado a uma breve exposição de como as autoridades internacionais tratam do assunto, com uma curta explanação sobre o que foi decidido nas jurisdições estadunidense e europeia. O terceiro e último esforço deste trabalho refere-se ao debate sobre as possíveis isenções à aplicação da Lei de Defesa da Concorrência que poderiam ser aventadas pelas entidades que elaborassem tabelas de honorários profissionais. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis course completion work treats about professional fee schedules as a violation to the economic order, using a competitive perspective of the issue. The route chosen to present the theme starts at the exposure of the main foundations of competition law relevant to the case. After this section of more general themes, it’s characterized, in a, in a very brief manner, the agreement between competitors as a violation to the economic order, giving primary focus to horizontal agreements between competitors, which consists, in the vast majority of cases, in cartel . Finally, it’s addressed the issue of professional fees schedules itself. The first effort is devoted to defining what characterizes a professional fees schedule. A second effort is devoted to a brief exposure of how the international authorities deal with the subject, with a short explanation about the U.S. and European jurisdictions jurisprudence. The third and last effort of this work refers to the debate on possible exemptions to the application of the Competition Law that could be suggested by the entities that elaborates the professional fee schedules

Alveolar bone repair with strontium- containing nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate bone repair in rat dental sockets after implanting nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate (CHA) and nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate containing 5% strontium microspheres (SrCHA) as bone substitute materials. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups: CHA and SrCHA (n=5/period/group). After one and 6 weeks of extraction of the right maxillary central incisor and biomaterial implantation, 5 μm bone blocks were obtained for histomorphometric evaluation. The parameters evaluated were remaining biomaterial, loose connective tissue and newly formed bone in a standard area. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Withney and and Wilcoxon tests at 95% level of significance. Results: The histomorphometric results showed that the microspheres showed similar fragmentation and bio-absorbation (p>;0.05). We observed the formation of new bones in both groups during the same experimental periods; however, the new bone formation differed significantly between the weeks 1 and 6 (p=0.0039) in both groups. Conclusion: The CHA and SrCHA biomaterials were biocompatible, osteoconductive and bioabsorbable, indicating their great potential for clinical use as bone substitutes

Estresse da equipe de enfermagem dos serviços de urgência e emergência : uma revisão de literatura

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Enfermagem, 2015.Introdução: O Pronto Socorro é um dos setores mais desgastantes dos hospitais. As experiências estressantes no cotidiano laboral interferem na vida social e emocional do trabalhador. A importância de identificar o desgaste ou como se manifesta o sofrimento no trabalho envolve a chance de uma mudança a partir de estratégias para minimizar esse sofrimento, tornando o trabalho mais eficaz e até trazendo uma maior valorização para os profissionais de enfermagem como seres humanos. Objetivos: Caracterizar a produção científica acerca do estresse laboral da equipe de enfermagem dos serviços de urgência e emergência a fim de verificar o conhecimento sobre o assunto e conhecer as lacunas dessa produção. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada por meio de busca online das produções científicas nacionais sobre estresse da equipe de enfermagem dos serviços de urgência e emergência no período de 2005 a 2015, nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE. Resultados e Discussão: Com a análise dos dados foram identificadas três principais temáticas abordadas nos estudos: fatores causadores de estresse, sintomas do estresse e estratégias para prevenir e/ou reduzir o estresse laboral. Conclusão: É clara a necessidade de que sejam realizados mais estudos sobre estresse laboral das equipes de enfermagem de urgência e emergência para que tal conhecimento sirva como embasamento teórico para discussões e proposições de políticas e estratégias em favor de melhorias nas condições de trabalho e qualidade de vida desses trabalhadores