Prinsip Dan Faktor-faktor Yang Harus Diperhatikan Dalam Pembuatan Kontrak

Tujuan dilakukan penenlitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana dasar atau prinsip yang harus diperhatikan dalam pembuatan kontrak dan faktor-faktor apakah yang harus diperhatikan dalam pembuatan kontrak. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative, maka dapat disimpulkan, bahwa: 1. Prinsip kebebasan berkontrak, prinsip konsensualisme, prinsip daya mengikat kontrak, prinsip pacta sunt servanda, prinsip itikad baik mempunyai daya kerja menjangkau kontrak yang bersangkutan, sebagai suatu sistem, pada prinsipnya para pihak bebas membuat kontrak, menentukan isi dan bentuknya, serta melangsungkan proses pertukaran hak dan kewajiban sesuai kesepakatan masing-masing sebagaimana persetujuan bersama dan secara proporsional, serta dalam hubungan antara dasar atau prinsip-prinsip kontrak dalam berkedudukannya mandiri dan berdiri setara/sejajar dengan dasar atau prinsip pokok kontrak yang lain, ini didasari pada karakter serta fungsinya. 2. Pembuatan kontrak atau rancangan kontrak diatur dalam Pasal 1338, Buku III, KUHPerdata pada ayat (1) yang intinya, bahwa siapapun diberi kebebasan berkontrak dan harus ditaati olehnya, karena itu sebagai undang-undang baginya untuk membuat kontrak diperlukan ketelitian, dan kecermatan bagi para pihak yang terkait berkenaan dengan kewenangan hukum para pihak untuk mengadakan dan membuat kontrak, perpajakan di sini para pihak dibebani kewajiban oleh pemerintah untuk membayar pajak kepada negara yang tergantung pada obyek pajak, alas hak yang sah yang harus diperhatikan para pihak mengenai obyek kontrak sebagai alas hak yang sah, masalah keagrariaan ini berkenaan dengan obyek kontraknya tanah, pemilihan hukum, hukum apa dan di mana bila terjadi sengketa para pihak dilaksanakan, penyelesaian, sengketa dapat diselesaikan melalui pengadilan atau di luar pengadilan (alternatif). Pengakhiran kontrak dapat berakhir secara hukum sesuai dalam klausul dan melalui pengadilan bila terjadi sengketa

STUDI PERILAKU MAHASISWA DALAM POLA PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PENGGUNAAN JASA BIMBINGAN BELAJAR (Studi pada Jasa Bimbingan Belajar Mahasiswa Buka Buku dengan Pendekatan Studi Kasus)

Buka Buku is the only business that is engaged in education services that are presented to students for tutoring services. Buka Buku itself is currently focused on Undip, exactly to help academics students of the Faculty of Economics and Business Undip. However, Buka Buku experienced a gap between S-I and D-III students in students purchasing power. It affects the difference of class proportion between SI and D-III students. This study aims to determine the behavior of students that occur today, and the impact of student behavior on the pattern of decision making use of tutoring services Buka Buku. In addition, this study aims to know the right way in serving students, especially the segment of students Diploma III. This research uses Theory of Planned Behavior theory. There are three main variables in the theory in determining the intention of behaving a person, where the intention is to form a person's behavior. These variables are attitude toward the behavior, perceived norm, and perceived behavioral control. Methods and approaches conducted in this study using qualitative research methods with case study approach. The preparation of this research using Patton model with Miles and Huberman model analysis technique. The result of the research shows how the student behavior, to know the factors causing student decision making. In addition, this study presents the decision making pattern of the use of Buka Buku services based on the relationship between the factors that make up student decisions. Therefore, an effective strategy can be done in serving the student segment at the Faculty of Economics and Business Undip, especially the D-III students

Trade Liberalization and Pollution: Evidence from the Philippines

The paper assesses the impact of trade reforms in the Philippines on pollution using CGE model simulations and two industry case studies on sugar milling and refining and cement manufacturing. Generally, trade reform is output augmenting and welfare improving. The overall impact on pollution is very small. Output taxes to reduce pollution are ineffective. They wipe out the potential gain from trade reforms. The case studies support the simulation results. Trade liberalization leads to more competition, improvements in efficiency, and increased foreign investment. All this increased environmental awareness. It accelerated the promotion and production of good environmental systems and adoption of ISO standards

The effects of peripheral and central high insulin on brain insulin signaling and amyloid-β in young and old APP/PS1 mice

Hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro experiments describe potential connections between insulin, insulin signaling, and amyloid-β (Aβ), but in vivo experiments are needed to validate these relationships under physiological conditions. First, we performed hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with concurrent hippocampal microdialysis in young, awake, behaving APP(swe)/PS1(dE9) transgenic mice. Both a postprandial and supraphysiological insulin clamp significantly increased interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma Aβ compared with controls. We could detect no increase in brain, ISF, or CSF insulin or brain insulin signaling in response to peripheral hyperinsulinemia, despite detecting increased signaling in the muscle. Next, we delivered insulin directly into the hippocampus of young APP/PS1 mice via reverse microdialysis. Brain tissue insulin and insulin signaling was dose-dependently increased, but ISF Aβ was unchanged by central insulin administration. Finally, to determine whether peripheral and central high insulin has differential effects in the presence of significant amyloid pathology, we repeated these experiments in older APP/PS1 mice with significant amyloid plaque burden. Postprandial insulin clamps increased ISF and plasma Aβ, whereas direct delivery of insulin to the hippocampus significantly increased tissue insulin and insulin signaling, with no effect on Aβ in old mice. These results suggest that the brain is still responsive to insulin in the presence of amyloid pathology but increased insulin signaling does not acutely modulate Aβ in vivo before or after the onset of amyloid pathology. Peripheral hyperinsulinemia modestly increases ISF and plasma Aβ in young and old mice, independent of neuronal insulin signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The transportation of insulin from blood to brain is a saturable process relevant to understanding the link between hyperinsulinemia and AD. In vitro experiments have found direct connections between high insulin and extracellular Aβ, but these mechanisms presume that peripheral high insulin elevates brain insulin significantly. We found that physiological hyperinsulinemia in awake, behaving mice does not increase CNS insulin to an appreciable level yet modestly increases extracellular Aβ. We also found that the brain of aged APP/PS1 mice was not insulin resistant, contrary to the current state of the literature. These results further elucidate the relationship between insulin, the brain, and AD and its conflicting roles as both a risk factor and potential treatment

Penanganan Anak Hiperaktif Melalui Terapi Bermain Puzzle Di TK Al Firdaus Matesih Kabupaten Karanganyar Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1. Mengetahui penanganan anak hiperaktif melalui terapi bermain puzzle di TK Al Firdaus Matesih Kabupaten Karanganyar Tahun Ajaran 2012/ 2013; 2. Mengetahui hambatan-hambatan yang dialami guru dalam menangani anak hiperaktif di TK Al Firdaus Matesih Kabupaten Karanganyar Tahun Ajaran 2012/ 2013. Jenis penelitian pada penulisan penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus terhadap penanganan anak hiperaktif di TK AL Firdaus Matesih. Subjek penelitian adalah 2 anak pada TK Al Firdaus Matesih yang mengalami gejala hiperaktif yaitu BNBP dan FAS. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dengan analisis interaktif yang terdiri dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Bagi anak yang berinisial BNBP, Dari segi kepatuhan, sudah dilakukan dengan baik, dari segi atensi dan konsentrasi sudah baik. Dari segi kognitif, siswa sudah mampu dengan baik menyebutkan nama gambar puzzle, menyusun permainan puzzle dan keberanian menunjukkan hasil bermain puzzle. Bagi Anak yang Berinisial FAS, dari segi kepatuhan masih harus mendapat bimbingan dari guru, dari segi atensi dan konsentrasi masih harus mendapat bimbingan dari guru, dari segi kognitif: kemampuan menyebutkan nama gambar puzzle, sudah baik, kemampuan menyusun permainan puzzle, sudah baik, keberanian menunjukkan hasil bermain puzzle, masih harus mendapat bimbingan dari guru. Hambatan yang mengganggu jalannya terapi adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Terapi pada anak hiperaktif ini prosesnya lama dan sangat sulit sehingga membutuhkan kesabaran yang sangat tinggi. 2. Anak hiperaktif cenderung mudah kembali berperilaku hiperaktif pada kegiatan pembelajaran yang lain di luar terapi. 3. Kurangnya kerjasama dengan orang tua

Allelomimesis as universal clustering mechanism for complex adaptive systems

Animal and human clusters are complex adaptive systems and many are organized in cluster sizes $s$ that obey the frequency-distribution $D(s)\propto s^{-\tau}$. Exponent $\tau$ describes the relative abundance of the cluster sizes in a given system. Data analyses have revealed that real-world clusters exhibit a broad spectrum of $\tau$-values, $0.7\textrm{(tuna fish schools)}\leq\tau\leq 2.95\textrm{(galaxies)}$. We show that allelomimesis is a fundamental mechanism for adaptation that accurately explains why a broad spectrum of $\tau$-values is observed in animate, human and inanimate cluster systems. Previous mathematical models could not account for the phenomenon. They are hampered by details and apply only to specific systems such as cities, business firms or gene family sizes. Allelomimesis is the tendency of an individual to imitate the actions of its neighbors and two cluster systems yield different $\tau$ values if their component agents display different allelomimetic tendencies. We demonstrate that allelomimetic adaptation are of three general types: blind copying, information-use copying, and non-copying. Allelomimetic adaptation also points to the existence of a stable cluster size consisting of three interacting individuals.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 2 table

The cholesterol-raising diterpenes from coffee beans increase serum lipid transfer protein activity levels in humans

Cafestol and kahweol–diterpenes present in unfiltered coffee— strongly raise serum VLDL and LDL cholesterol and slightly reduce HDL cholesterol in humans. The mechanism of action is unknown. We determined whether the coffee diterpenes may affect lipoprotein metabolism via effects on lipid transfer proteins and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in a randomized, double-blind cross-over study with 10 healthy male volunteers. Either cafestol (61–64 mg/day) or a mixture of cafestol (60 mg/day) and kahweol (48–54 mg/day) was given for 28 days. Serum activity levels of cholesterylester transfer protein, phospholipid transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase were measured using exogenous substrate assays. Relative to baseline values, cafestol raised the mean (±S.D.) activity of cholesterylester transfer protein by 18±12% and of phospholipid transfer protein by 21±14% (both P<0.001). Relative to cafestol alone, kahweol had no significant additional effects. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity was reduced by 11±12% by cafestol plus kahweol (P=0.02). It is concluded that the effects of coffee diterpenes on plasma lipoproteins may be connected with changes in serum activity levels of lipid transfer proteins

Spectroscopy of 13B via the 13C(t,3He) reaction at 115 AMeV

Gamow-Teller and dipole transitions to final states in 13B were studied via the 13C(t,3He) reaction at Et = 115 AMeV. Besides the strong Gamow-Teller transition to the 13B ground state, a weaker Gamow-Teller transition to a state at 3.6 MeV was found. This state was assigned a spin-parity of 3/2- by comparison with shell-model calculations using the WBP and WBT interactions which were modified to allow for mixing between nhw and (n+2)hw configurations. This assignment agrees with a recent result from a lifetime measurement of excited states in 13B. The shell-model calculations also explained the relatively large spectroscopic strength measured for a low-lying 1/2+ state at 4.83 MeV in 13B. The cross sections for dipole transitions up to Ex(13B)= 20 MeV excited via the 13C(t,3He) reaction were also compared with the shell-model calculations. The theoretical cross sections exceeded the data by a factor of about 1.8, which might indicate that the dipole excitations are "quenched". Uncertainties in the reaction calculations complicate that interpretation.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure

Ascospore release and survival in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The release and survival of ascospores of a UK Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate were studied. Apothecia placed in a spore clock apparatus with different lighting regimes at 15 °C released ascospores continuously with an increasing rate for the duration of experiments (72–84 h). Spore release was not confined to light or dark periods in alternating regimes and occurred in continuous dark or light. Ascospores were released in both saturated air (90–95% rh) and at 65–75% rh. High temperature and rh were detrimental to ascospore survival but spore viability was maintained for longer periods than previously reported. The significance of these results in relation to disease control is discussed