Vulnerabilidad sísmica de las iglesias del centro histórico de la ciudad y provincia de Trujillo, La Libertad.

Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Trujillo, en la Universidad César Vallejo y consistió en analizar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de las iglesias del centro histórico del distrito y provincia de Trujillo, La Libertad, utilizando un diseño descriptivo, un muestreo no probabilístico, por juicio de expertos, fichas de resumen y de datos para la recolección de estos, con las técnicas de análisis documental y observación, y la estadística descriptiva como método de análisis de datos. El problema es que sus habitantes se encuentran bajo gran riesgo, puesto que las iglesias del centro histórico de Trujillo no fueron diseñadas bajo criterios constructivos sismorresistentes, incluso cuando estas están localizadas en una zona altamente sísmica. El análisis de vulnerabilidad sísmica arrojó valores de índices de vulnerabilidad sísmica que oscilan entre 48% y 50%. Finalmente, se logró analizar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de las iglesias del centro histórico de Trujillo y se detectó que estas presentan clases de vulnerabilidad sísmica media

Andalusia in the spanish territorial division of labour. An approach in the light of its socio- economic metabolism

En las páginas que siguen trataremos de aproximarnos al lugar que ocupa Andalucía dentro de la división territorial del trabajo en España utilizando la metodología de la Contabilidad de Flujos Materiales (CFM), con la que se trata de ir más allá de los valores monetarios, haciendo un seguimiento de los flujos físicos involucrados en los procesos económicos en términos de metabolismo social. Para ello utilizamos en la primera parte los datos regionales sobre extracción de materiales y energía, para seguir, en una segunda parte, con la consideración de los flujos físicos comerciales;finalmente, (tercera parte), se atiende a la localización regional de las diferentes ramas de actividad dentro de la economía española para así presentar un dibujo más completo del reparto espacial de funciones y su alcance social y ecológico.Reduced to the isolated universe of monetary value, the conventional economic approach circumscribes the economic dynamics affecting territories, such as the relationships between them, to a set of flows solely expressed in monetary terms. This one-dimensional view disconnects the economic system from the social, physical and territorial world in such a way that the social and economic costs essential for the maintenance and enrichment of life in those territories are ignored. This way of viewing economics generates a conflict between the economy and the territory and this conflict is at the root of ecological degradation which reaches different degrees and has different implications depending on the economic activities occurring in those territories and depending on the role they play within the system and the relationships between them. The territorial division of work, which has been intensified by globalization, has accentuated the polarization between territories devoted to activities located in the later stages of the manufacture and marketing of goods and services, to be found at the apex of the hierarchy of tasks within the division of work (central territories) and territories which supply primary products and which perform the first stages of extraction and processing of natural resources (peripheral territories). Behind the veil of the monetary worldview held by the conventional economy, therefore, lie hidden the relationships of power and the spatial division of work as mechanisms for domination and for the appropriation of the wealth of some territories by others. This paper studies the place occupied by Andalusia in the territorial division of work in Spain using Material Flow Accounting (MFA) methodology. The aim is to look beyond monetary value, monitoring the physical flows involved in the economic processes in terms of social metabolism. To do so, in a step-by-step approach, the first section uses regional data on the extraction of materials and energy, followed in the second section by an examination of physical commercial flows. Finally, in section three, the regional localization of different branches of activity within the Spanish economy is considered. Section 1 compares the capacity for the appropriation of monetary value (GDP) of each Autonomous Community with the endogenous resources generated by each one, represented by the domestic extraction of materials. This reveals a regional grouping in which we can clearly distinguish a set of regions which, with relatively low domestic extraction of resources, appropriate a significant proportion of the monetary value generated by the Spanish economy. Among them, the territories which have traditionally been central to the Spanish economy (Madrid, Catalonia and the Basque Country), (9.3% of the territory), enjoyed 42.6% of the added value in the Spanish economy, which is more than double the figure for their domestic extraction (20.2% of the Spanish total). They are, basically, the regions which use the rest of the territory to supply their production and consumption patterns. On the other hand, there are the majority of the Spanish regions, where 67.9% of the domestic extraction of resources takes place and where 41.3% of added value is enjoyed. In this case, more than half of the extraction (50.2%) is located in five regions: Murcia, Galicia, Castilla La Mancha, Castilla León and Andalusia. The latter is the region with the greatest difference between the GDP obtained and the use of endogenous natural resources. The study of external trade flows offers a clearer profile of Andalusia’s specialization within the Spanish economy as it allows us more clearly to determine what is demanded of the Andalusian economy from outside and, at the same time, makes it possible to incorporate the manufacturing process of products and to calibrate the weighting of different sectors of production within the complex of interregional relationships.With respect to exports, there is considerable concentration in two sectors: Energy products and Food products. These two sectors represented well over half (58.2%) of the products exported from Andalusia to the other Autonomous Communities over the 15 years studied. The first item, Energy products, is related to the relocation to Andalusia in the 1960s of certain industrial activities (oil refining, basic chemical industry, paper mills, initial processing and production of metals) which covers the first stages of production processes whose later, more complex phases, where greater added value is generated, take place outside Andalusia. The ecological degradation associated with this relocation of industrial activities has caused environmental damage in Andalusia which is proportionally much greater than that seen in the industrialized regions. The second item of Andalusian exports, food products, represented 26.0% of total Andalusian exports for the period 1996-2010. Most are agricultural products or the results of the initial processing of foodstuffs, which is simply a prolongation of agricultural activity (fruit, vegetables and oil). In this regard, it is interesting to note that these exports represent a growing proportion of the biomass extracted in Andalusia, and so it can be said that the natural heritage of Andalusia is, increasingly, being used to satisfy the food requirements of other territories which receive primary products from Andalusia with a very low level of processing, and which are distanced from the more dynamic nucleus of the agri-food system. In contrast, it should be noted that the high volume of food products exported to the rest of Spain is accompanied by a similar tonnage of imports from those other regions. These are mainly processed products. Here, a growing gap is to be found between domestic extraction and the internal demand for foodstuffs, which accentuates the food dependency of Andalusia and, at the same time, translates into a sharp disconnection between food production and consumption. The third section looks in greater detail at specialization in the tasks performed in the different territories by looking at the regional localization of economic activities. This gives us a more complete picture of the spatial distribution of those tasks as it uses a more detailed breakdown of the different processing activities and includes services. Here, again, it can be observed that, as it has traditionally been, Andalusia is still an extractive economy, a supplier of primary products. With a system of intensive agriculture on a model in which extraction is forced through the introduction into the system of increasing volumes of materials and energy and the intensity of extraction is increased through the progressive use of intermediate inputs, which are mainly non-renewable, and which, in turn, involve extractive processes in the same and/or other spaces, with the consequent deterioration and progressive degradation of the environment in which this agriculture is practiced, and to which is added to the import of sustainability from other territories. The devotion to extractive industry in the Andalusian economy differentiates and distances it from the “central” economies, as can be seen in a comparison with Catalonia, deepening an unequal exchange between Andalusia and other territories which is masked by the conventional conception of the economy and is related to the fact that, in monetary terms, the contribution of nature has no cost, and to the role of Power relationships within the system. In this paper, Andalusia is seen to be a territory specializing in activities which generate social and ecological damage which remains hidden by the focus of the conventional economy. An area for the appropriation of wealth at low cost by the central territories, from where not only their own spheres of activity are controlled and managed, but also, to a large extent, those of outside and “peripheral” territories such as Andalusia, for which economic growth means the exacerbation of their situation of dependency and marginalization. This domination is not only material. It is also an ideological domination which results in the very situation of domination being interpreted in terms of models and instruments operating in favor of the dominant interests. For Andalusia, this is a path of divergence, not convergence, a path which leads to the loss of control over the management of its resources and the separation of the Andalusian economy from what should be its priority objective: the maintenance and enrichment (sustainability) of social and natural life

Cuantificación de carga externa e interna en fútbol masculino semiprofesional

In order to quantify the external and internal load in a Spanish First Division U-19 football team, a prospective observational study was carried out for a microcycle during the 2018/2019 season. For a 5 training sessions and 1 match, session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) was recorded and, with accelerometry (Polar Team Pro), were analysed studying distance, sprint, running speed, decelerations and accelerations by external load, and summated heart rate zone (SHRZ) and heart rate variability (HRV) by internal load. The independence of the variables was determined and possible relationships between variables and their causality were explored. External and internal load behave independently (F=282.05; p<.001; ES=.25). Significant relationships between external and internal measures were observed: SHRZ was related con to all external variables (Distance/min, R=.845, p=.034; Sprint; r=.928, p=.008; V4/min, r=.916, p=.01; HSR/min, r=.909, p=.012; Total DF/min, r=.872, p=.023; Total AF/min, r=.921, p=.009). RRMean, con Sprint, r=-.856, p=.03; Total DF/min, r=-.943, p=.017; Total AF/min, r=-.943, p=.017). Possible causality was determined between external and internal load (R2=1.000; p=.005) and between internal load and sRPE (R2=1.000; p=.008). CE variables present a possible co-occurrence with CI variable SHRZ. The subjective IQ variable sRPE presents a possible co-occurrence with the IQ objective variables relative to HRV (RR mean, SDNN, RMSSD) and session exposure time. The training sessions, in a semi-professional context of a soccer team, do not replicate the demands of competition, this being the highest requirement of the microcycle.Con el objetivo de analizar el comportamiento de la car-ga externa (CE) e interna (CI) en un equipo de fútbol de la Primera División Española Sub-19, se realizó un estudio prospectivo observacional durante un microciclo del perio-do competitivo durante la temporada 2018/2019. Durante 5 sesiones de entrenamiento y 1 partido se registró la per-cepción subjetiva de esfuerzo de sesión (sRPE) y, mediante acelerometría (Polar Team Pro), se analizaron las variables de CE distancia recorrida, número de sprint, velocidad de carrera, desaceleraciones y aceleraciones, y las variables de CI sumatorio de zonas de frecuencia cardíaca (SHRZ; summated heart rate zone) y variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC). Se determinó la independencia de las varia-bles y exploraron posibles relaciones entre las variables y su posible coocurrencia. CE y CI se comportaron de manera independiente (F=282.05; p<.001; ES=.25). Se observaron relaciones significativas entre variables de CE y CI: SHRZ se relacionó con la totalidad las variables de CE (Distancia/min, r=.845, p=.034; Sprint, r=.928, p=.008; V4/min, r=.916, p=.01; HSR/min, r=.909, p=.012; Total DF/min, r=.872, p=.023; Total AF/min, r=.921, p=.009). RRMean, con Sprint, r=-.856, p=.03; Total DF/min, r=-.943, p=.017; Total AF/min, r=-.943, p=.017). Se determinó una posible coocurrencia entre CE y CI (R2 = 1.000; p = .005) y entre CI y sRPE (R2 = 1.000; p = .008). Las variables de CE presentan una posible coocurrencia con la variable de CI SHRZ. La variable subje-tiva de CI sRPE presenta una posible coocurrencia con las variables objetivas de CI relativas a la VFC (RR mean, SDNN, RMSSD) y el tiempo de exposición de sesión. Las sesiones de entrenamiento, en un contexto semiprofesional de un equipo de fútbol, no replican las demandas de competi-ción, presentando esta la mayor exigencia del microcicloActividad Física y Deport

Enseñanza de la odontología durante la pandemia del COVID-19: aprendizajes para las Instituciones de Educación Superior

The purpose of this article is to review the transformations that Higher Education Institutions have incorporated regarding the teaching of dentistry during the COVID-19 health emergency. To address this, an exploration of published literature on dentistry education in universities is conducted. The research follows a qualitative approach with a documentary design. Literature search is conducted through Scopus and Google Scholar; publications from 2020 to 2023. A total of 43 articles are analyzed. The article describes the context of clinical practice in dentistry during the health emergency along with, the educational, didactic adaptations and communication channels implemented in dental faculties. The conclusion underscores the importance of strengthening elements such as personal protective equipment, air control and teleconsultation, alongside incorporating strategies and innovations of virtual education into in-person education. Additionally, the need to strengthen infrastructure within Higher Education Institutions with haptic technology, virtual reality, and professional development in the management of these technologies, as well as in virtual learning environments and virtual learning objects. Finally, there is an emphasis on pedagogical reflection, and the significance of adjusting evaluation headings to the current reality. Strengthening a culture of quality assurance in higher education is also recommended.Este artículo tiene como objetivo revisar las transformaciones que incorporaron las Instituciones de Educación Superior en cuanto a la enseñanza de la odontología en medio de la emergencia sanitaria de la COVID-19. Para resolverlo, se indaga en la literatura publicada acerca de la enseñanza de la odontología en las universidades. La investigación es cualitativa con diseño documental. La búsqueda de literatura es a través de Scopus y Google Scholar; publicaciones entre los años 2020 a 2023. Se analizan 43 artículos. Finalmente, se describe el contexto de la práctica clínica en odontología en medio de la emergencia sanitaria y las adaptaciones educativas, didácticas y canales comunicativos implementados en las facultades de odontología. Se concluye con la importancia de fortalecer los elementos de protección personal, el control del aire y la teleconsulta, así como la incorporación de estrategias e innovaciones de la educación virtual a la educación presencial. También, se resalta la necesidad de fortalecer la infraestructura en las Instituciones de Educación Superior con tecnología háptica, realidad virtual y desarrollo profesoral en el manejo de estas tecnologías, así como en entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y objetos virtuales de aprendizaje. Por último, se hace énfasis en la reflexión pedagógica y la importancia de ajustar rúbricas de evaluación a la realidad actual, y se recomienda fortalecer la cultura del aseguramiento de la calidad en la educación superior

Extension processes supported by the use of web tools in Educational Institutions (IE) of Floridablanca (Santander)

El presente trabajo indaga sobre el uso de herramientas web, tales como páginas, blogs y redes sociales, asociados a los procesos de extensión institucional de colegios urbanos del sector oficial y privado en Floridablanca, Santander. El tipo de investigación es cualitativa. Se observó un grupo conformado por cinco instituciones educativas. Se entrevistóa los rectores y administradores de los sitios web. Se observó con una ficha de chequeo las páginas institucionales. Los resultados obtenidos indican que para los directivos el uso de internet, páginas web y redes sociales es crucial para su labor académica, así como para extenderse a la comunidad educativa con la que se relacionan a diario: directivos, docentes, personal administrativo, servicios generales, estudiantes, padres de familia, egresados y ex alumnos. Sin embargo, como debilidades evidenciadas se encontró la falta de recursos financieros para implementar mayor tecnología en las instituciones, así como la designación por nómina de personal especializado para estos asuntos. También se observó la falta de mayor trabajo y actividad en las redes sociales en tiempo real conforme a los sucesos que se van dando y que se relacionen con la IE. Otro aspecto hallado es la inserción de niños y jóvenes menores de catorce años a las redes sociales, lo cual ha generado un dilema ético por la suplantación de edad para acceder a ciertos sitios web. Se concluye por tanto, la necesidad de seguir trabajando en estos temas desde las categorías aquí emergentes.This paper investigates the use of web tools, such as pages, blogs and social networks that are associated with the institutional extension processes of official and private urban schools in Floridablanca, Santander. The research is qualitative. We observed a group comprised of five educative institutions and we interviewed the principals and managers of the web pages. With a checklist, we also observed the institutional pages. The results indicate that, for managers, the use of internet, websites and social networks is crucial to their academic work as well as to extend their work to the educational community they are dealing with daily: principals, teachers, administrative staff, general services, students, parents, alumni and former students. However, the lack of financial resources to implement more and better technologyin the educative institutions as well as the payroll designation for specialized staff with regards to these issues were identified as weaknesses. It was also detected that there is a lack of work and activity in social networks in real time with regards to the events that are occurring and are related to IE. Another aspect is the inclusion of children and young people under the age of 14 to social networks, which has created an ethical dilemma with the supplanting age access of certain websites. We conclude that there is a need to continue working on these issues emerging from the categories here

Tendências em engenharia de materiais para a fabricação de células solares fotovoltaicas

Introduction: This review article was written during the second half of 2016 and the first of 2017 at the School of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Santo Tomás. Photovoltaic solar energy has acquired an important role in the global context due to the use of renewable sources and the reduction of environmental impacts, as well as for being an influential participant in meeting the current energy demand. However, it has limitations such as dependence on the availability of radiation and the use of silicon as a raw material for solar cells. Methodology: We prepared a state of the art of different databases searched, mostly Science Direct and Scopus, on the different alternative materials and current trends and their perspective of operation and implementation. Results: The solar cells that are using different materials are presented, among which the Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar cells stand out for their low cost and considerable efficiencies. Conclusion: Copper, indium, gallium, selenium/sulfur (cigs) cells are characterized mainly by their high adsorption coefficient; however, the great challenge to overcome is to implement them in an industrial environment. Organic solar cells are highly efficient and low-cost for their potential use in the Colombian context.Introducción: el artículo de revisión fue desarrollado durante el segundo semestre del 2016 y el primero del 2017 en la Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Universidad Santo Tomás. La energía solar fotovoltaica ha adquirido un importante papel en el contexto global por el uso de fuentes renovables y disminución de impactos ambientales, además de ser un participe influyente en la satisfacción de la demanda energética actual. No obstante, esta cuenta con limitaciones como la dependencia de la disponibilidad de radiación y el uso de silicio como materia prima de las células solares. Metodología: se realizó un estado del arte de diferentes bases de datos consultadas, en su mayoría Science Direct y Scopus, sobre los diferentes materiales alternativos y tendencias actuales, y su perspectiva de funcionamiento e implementación. Resultados: se exponen las células solares que están empleando diversos materiales, dentro de las cuales destacan las de Teluro de Cadmio (CdTe) que presentan características de bajo costo y considerables eficiencias. Conclusión: las células de cobre, indio, galio, selenio/azufre (cigs) presentan como característica principal el alto coeficiente de adsorción; no obstante, el gran reto por superar es llevar a cabo su implementación en un ámbito industrial. Las células solares orgánicas presentan una alta eficiencia y un bajo costo para su posible uso en el contexto colombiano.Introdução: o artigo de revisão foi desenvolvido durante o segundo semestre de 2016 e o primeiro de 2017 na Faculdade de Engenharia Ambiental da Universidade Santo Tomás. A energia solar fotovoltaica adquiriu um importante papel no contexto global pelo uso de fontes renováveis e diminuição de impactos ambientais, além de ser um participante influente na satisfação da demanda energética atual. Entretanto, essa conta com limitações, como a dependência da disponibilidade de radiação e o uso de silício como matéria-prima das células solares. Metodologia: foi realizado um estado da arte de diferentes bases de dados consultadas, em sua maioria, Science Direct e Scopus, sobre os diferentes materiais alternativos e tendências atuais e sua perspectiva de funcionamento e implementação. Resultados: expõe-se as células solares que estão empregando diversos materiais, dentro das quais destacam as células solares de Telureto de Cádmio (CdTe) que apresentam características de baixo custo e consideráveis eficiências. Conclusão: as células de cobre, índio, gálio, selênio/enxofre (cigs) apresentam como característica principal o alto coeficiente de absorção; no entanto, seu grande desafio a ser superado é finalizar sua implementação em um âmbito industrial. As células solares orgânicas apresentam uma alta eficiência e um baixo custo para seu possível uso no contexto colombiano

Influence of Small Quantities of Water on the Physical Properties of Alkylammonium Nitrate Ionic Liquids

This paper presents a comprehensive study of two alkylammonium nitrate ionic liquids. As part of this family of materials, mainly ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and also propylammonium nitrate (PAN) have attracted a great deal of attention during the last decades due to their potential applications in many fields. Although there have been numerous publications focused on the measurement of their physical properties, a great dispersion can be observed in the results obtained for the same magnitude. One of the critical points to be taken into account in their physical characterization is their water content. Thus, the main objective of this work was to determine the degree of influence of the presence of small quantities of water in EAN and PAN on the measurement of density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, refractive index and surface tension. For this purpose, the first three properties were determined in samples of EAN and PAN with water contents below 30,000 ppm in a wide range of temperatures, between 5 and 95 °C, while the last two were obtained at 25 °C. As a result of this study, it has been concluded that the presence of water is critical in those physical properties that involve mass or charge transport processes, resulting in the finding that the absolute value of the average percentage change in both viscosity and electrical conductivity is above 40%. Meanwhile, refractive index (≤0.3%), density (≤0.5%) and surface tension (≤2%) present much less significant changesThis research was funded by the Spanish MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND COMPETITIVENESS, grant numbers MAT2017-89239-C2-1-P and MAT2017-89239-C2-2-P. D. Ausín thanks the funding support of Fundación Segundo Gil Dávila. J.J. Parajó thanks the funding support of I2C postdoctoral program of Xunta de GaliciaS

Scientific design of skylights

This paper intends to present a critical reality in contemporary design, the astonishing coexistence of buildings in which daylighting has been carefully considered and simulated, and others in which this issue is treated with haphazard design gestures. Although initial simulation models in the daylighting field were very much distanced from the actual practicing architect, this is no longer the case in our opinion, and also, it is a fact, that the role of apertures in all the relevant thermal exchanges that occur in buildings has been thoroughly recognized. However, many types of designs or even bioclimatic designs do not consider lighting simulations from the beginning of the design-process, and they are presented as correct if only the thermal balance meets, even at the risk of later energy waste in lighting devices and visual or physical discomfort