Gender Equality and the First Amendment: Foreword

Gender equality demands equal opportunity to speak and be heard. Yet, in recent years, the clash between equality and free speech in the context of gender has intensified—in the media, the workplace, college campuses, and the political arena, both online and offline. The internet has given rise to novel First Amendment issues that particularly affect women, such as nonconsensual pornography, online harassment, and online privacy. On November 1–2, 2018, the Fordham Law Review brought together scholars and practicing lawyers from around the nation to address many of the pressing challenges facing feminists and free speech advocates today. The Symposium was a fitting topic to mark the occasion of 100 years of women at Fordham Law School. Over twenty scholars, practitioners, and writers participated in the two-day conference, along with Sylvia A. Law, Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law, Medicine, and Psychiatry Emerita of N.Y.U. School of Law, who delivered the Robert L. Levine Lecture. Conference panels considered campus speech issues, including trigger warnings, safe spaces, and hostile classrooms; pornography, including nonconsensual pornography (or “revenge porn”); being female online and how the internet affects women’s reputations, self-expression, and privacy; words, images, misogyny, and the First Amendment; and how gender representation in the media and politics impact political outcomes and reproductive rights. This issue of the Fordham Law Review includes papers from six of the Symposium participants, in addition to Professor Law’s Levine Lecture

Fighting Cybercrime After \u3cem\u3eUnited States v. Jones\u3c/em\u3e

In a landmark non-decision last term, five Justices of the United States Supreme Court would have held that citizens possess a Fourth Amendment right to expect that certain quantities of information about them will remain private, even if they have no such expectations with respect to any of the information or data constituting that whole. This quantitative approach to evaluating and protecting Fourth Amendment rights is certainly novel and raises serious conceptual, doctrinal, and practical challenges. In other works, we have met these challenges by engaging in a careful analysis of this “mosaic theory” and by proposing that courts focus on the technologies that make collecting and aggregating large quantities of information possible. In those efforts, we focused on reasonable expectations held by “the people” that they will not be subjected to broad and indiscriminate surveillance. These expectations are anchored in Founding-era concerns about the capacity for unfettered search powers to promote an authoritarian surveillance state. Although we also readily acknowledged that there are legitimate and competing governmental and law enforcement interests at stake in the deployment and use of surveillance technologies that implicate reasonable interests in quantitative privacy, we did little more. In this Article, we begin to address that omission by focusing on the legitimate governmental and law enforcement interests at stake in preventing, detecting, and prosecuting cyber-harassment and healthcare fraud

Spacehab: A Manned Space Station Test Bed

SPACEHAB, Inc. is a Commercial Space Venture creating a manned Space Station Testbed based in the Shuttle. It is creating a near term pressurized equipment test bed module and developmental scenario for Space Station. SP ACEHAB, Inc. is committing early to Space Station with a pressurized module built with private financing. The Spacehab Module research capability simulating the Space Station interior environment will be available three to five years before IOC. Other emerging space commercialization companies and government organizations planning research and development at the Space Station are confronted with the cost and development risk barriers associated with evolving a space experiment research process into a viable commercial process at Space Station. The Spacehab Module has created a low cost, lower risk development scenario for the commercial customer at Space Station through our Space Station Simulation Module. The Spacehab Module is to be fabricated for later attachment to the Space Station, to provide an evolutionary research capability in orbit, to evolve as the industry and station hardware emerges, and to provide cost effective service through a private space commercialization organization

Emotional valence and arousal affect reading in an interactive way: neuroimaging evidence for an approach-withdrawal framework

A growing body of literature shows that the emotional content of verbal material affects reading, wherein emotional words are given processing priority compared to neutral words. Human emotions can be conceptualised within a two-dimensional model comprised of emotional valence and arousal (intensity). These variables are at least in part distinct, but recent studies report interactive effects during implicit emotion processing and relate these to stimulus-evoked approach-withdrawal tendencies. The aim of the present study was to explore how valence and arousal interact at the neural level, during implicit emotion word processing. The emotional attributes of written word stimuli were orthogonally manipulated based on behavioural ratings from a corpus of emotion words. Stimuli were presented during an fMRI experiment while 16 participants performed a lexical decision task, which did not require explicit evaluation of a word's emotional content. Results showed greater neural activation within right insular cortex in response to stimuli evoking conflicting approach-withdrawal tendencies (i.e., positive high-arousal and negative low-arousal words) compared to stimuli evoking congruent approach vs. withdrawal tendencies (i.e., positive low-arousal and negative high-arousal words). Further, a significant cluster of activation in the left extra-striate cortex was found in response to emotional than neutral words, suggesting enhanced perceptual processing of emotionally salient stimuli. These findings support an interactive two-dimensional approach to the study of emotion word recognition and suggest that the integration of valence and arousal dimensions recruits a brain region associated with interoception, emotional awareness and sympathetic functions

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Menggunakan Media Animasi pada Materi Gelombang di SMP Negeri 9 Gorontalo

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk yang efektif, praktis, dan layak berupa perangkat pembelajaran Fisika yang menggunakan media animasi pada materi Gelombang. Model yang digunakan yaitu model 4-D (four-D model) yang terdiri atas empat tahap pengembangan yaitu, Define (pendefinisian), Desaign (perancangan), Develop (pengembangan), dan Disseminate (penyebaran). Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan meliputi: Silabus, Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), Media Pembelajaran, Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD), dan Tes Hasil Belajar (THB) pada pokok bahasan Gelombang. Perangkat pembelajaran ini telah memenuhi kriteria layak dengan hasil yang diperoleh dari 3 validator ahli yaitu perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan memiliki kualitas baik. Untuk keterlaksanaan pembelajaran yang dilihat dari aktivitas guru dan aktivitas peserta didik memiliki kualitas baik dan memenuhi kriteria kepraktisan, hal ini dapat dilihat dari uji coba terbatas yaitu rata-ratanya sebesar 93 dan 92 % sedangkan untuk uji coba terluas yaitu rata-ratanya sebesar 93 dan 99 %. Dan untuk penilaian tes hasil belajar, penilaian sikap, dan penilaian keterampilan memiliki kualitas baik dan memenuhi kriteria keefektifan

Effects of valence and arousal on written word recognition:Time course and ERP correlates

Models of affect assume a two-dimensional framework, composed of emotional valence and arousal. Although neuroimaging evidence supports a neuro-functional distinction of their effects during single word processing, electrophysiological studies have not yet compared the effects of arousal within the same category of valence (positive and negative). Here we investigate effects of arousal and valence on written lexical decision. Amplitude differences between emotion and neutral words were seen in the early posterior negativity (EPN), the late positive complex and in a sustained slow positivity. In addition, trends towards interactive effects of valence and arousal were observed in the EPN, showing larger amplitude for positive, high-arousal and negative, low-arousal words. The results provide initial evidence for interactions between arousal and valence during processing of positive words and highlight the importance of both variables in studies of emotional stimulus processing. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

How are affective word ratings related to lexicosemantic properties?:evidence from the Sussex Affective Word List

Emotional content of verbal material affects the speed of visual word recognition in various cognitive tasks, independently of lexicosemantic variables. However, little is known about how the dimensions of emotional arousal and valence interact with the lexicosemantic properties of words such as age of acquisition, familiarity, and imageability, that determine word recognition performance. This study aimed to examine these relationships using English ratings for affective and lexicosemantic features. Eighty-two native English speakers rated 300 words for emotional valence, arousal, familiarity, age of acquisition, and imageability. Although both dimensions of emotion were correlated with lexicosemantic variables, a unique emotion cluster produced the strongest quadratic relationship. This finding suggests that emotion should be included in models of word recognition as it is likely to make an independent contribution

Pengaruh Penerapan Model Pembelajaran POE(Predict Observe Explain) terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Materi Getaran dan Gelombang

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran POE terhadap hasil belajar siswa pada materi getaran dan gelombang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII dengan jumlah 36 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan instrument tes, dan jenis analisis yang digunakan menggunakan rumus uji t-tes. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh perhitungan dan analisis data menggunakan uji t dengan nilai thitung 16,81 > ttabel 2,042 yang menggambarkan bahwa H0 ditolak dan Hi diterima. Pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran POE dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada materi getaran dan gelombang dengan nilai N-gain sebesar 0,65 kategori sedang. Nilai rata-rata posttest yang diperoleh sebesar 81,02 lebih tinggi dari nilai KKM yang ditentukan (75). Berdasarkan uji statistik, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dari penggunaan model POE pada materi getaran dan gelombang

Arousal and emotional valence interact in written word recognition

Behavioural, psychophysiological and neuroimaging studies reveal a prioritisation for emotional material in a variety of cognitive tasks. Although emotion is comprised of two dimensions (valence and arousal), previous research using verbal materials has mostly focused on valence, while controlling level of arousal. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of valence and arousal on lexical decision (LD) by manipulating both dimensions while controlling correlated psycholinguistic variables (e.g., word length, frequency, imageability). Results showed that valence and arousal affect word recognition in an interactive way: LD latencies are slower for positive high-arousal and negative low-arousal words compared to positive low-arousal and negative high-arousal words, in line with an approach-withdrawal tendency model. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) on the latencies revealed a unique contribution of a distinct cluster of emotion variables, independent of lexico-semantic variables, to explaining written word recognition. We conclude that the dimensions of valence and arousal both need to be taken into account in studies of emotion word processing as they have an interactive relationship

Brief of Scholars of the History and Original Meaning of the Fourth Amendment as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner, Carpenter v. United States, No. 16-402 (U.S. Aug. 14, 2017)

Obtaining and examining cell site location records to find a person is a “search” in any normal sense of the word — a search of documents and a search for a person and her personal effects. It is therefore a “search” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment in that it constitutes “examining,” “exploring,” “looking through,” “inquiring,” “seeking,” or “trying to find.” Nothing about the text of the Fourth Amendment, or the historical backdrop against which it was adopted, suggests that “search” should be construed more narrowly as, for example, intrusions upon subjectively manifested expectations of privacy that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable.Entrusting government agents with unfettered discretion to conduct searches using cell site location information undermines Fourth Amendment rights. The Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches.” The Framers chose that language deliberately. It reflected the insecurity they suffered at the hands of “writs of assistance,” a form of general warrant that granted state agents broad discretion to search wherever they pleased. Such arbitrary power was “unreasonable” to the Framers, being “against the reason of the common law,” and it was intolerable because of its oppressive impact on “the people” as a whole. As emphasized in one of the seminal English cases that inspired the Amendment, this kind of general power to search was “totally subversive of the liberty of the subject.” James Otis’s famous speech denouncing a colonial writ of assistance similarly condemned those writs as “the worst instrument of arbitrary power,” placing “the liberty of every man in the hands of every petty officer.” Thus, although those who drafted and ratified the Fourth Amendment could not have anticipated cellphone technology, they would have recognized the dangers inherent in any state claim of unlimited authority to conduct searches for evidence of criminal activity. Cell site location information provides insight into where we go and what we do. Because this information is constantly generated and can be retrieved by the government long after the activities it memorializes have taken place, unfettered government access to cell site location information raises the specter of general searches and undermines the security of “the people.