Stocking activities for the Arctic charr in Lake Geneva: Genetic effects in space and time

Artificial stocking practices are widely used by resource managers worldwide, in order to sustain fish populations exploited by both recreational and commercial activities, but their benefits are controversial. Former practices involved exotic strains, although current programs rather consider artificial breeding of local fishes (supportive breeding). Understanding the complex genetic effects of these management strategies is an importan t challenge with economic and conservation implications, especially in the context of population declines. In this study, we focus on the declining Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) population from Lake Geneva (Switzerland and France), which has initially been restocked with allochtonous fishes in the early eighties, followed by supportive breeding. In this context, we conducted a genetic survey to document the evolution of the genetic diversity and structure throughout the last 50 years, before and after the initiation of hatchery supplementation, using contemporary and historical samples. We show that the introduction of exotic fishes was associated with a genetic bottleneck in the 1980–1990s, a break of Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), a reduction in genetic diversity, an increase in genetic structure among spawning sites, and a change in their genetic composition. Together with better environmental conditions, three decades of subsequent supportive breeding using local fishes allowed to re-establish HWE and the initial levels of genetic variation. However, current spawning sites have not fully recovered their original genetic composition and were extensively h omogenized across the lake. Our study demonstrates the drastic genetic consequ e nces of different restocking tactics in a comprehensive spatiotemporal framewo rk and suggests that genetic alteration by nonlocal stocking may be partly reversible through supportive breeding. We recommend that conservation-based programs consider local diversity and implement adequate protocols to limit the genetic homogenization of this Arctic charr population

Magnetic resonance imaging in osteoarthritis: which method best reflects synovial membrane inflammation? Correlations with clinical, macroscopic and microscopic features

SummaryObjectives: To study synovial membrane (SM) inflammation near the patella with different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approaches performed using a T1-injected sequence in knee osteoarthritis (OA), and to compare MRI results with macroscopic, microscopic and clinical findings.MethodsFifteen patients fulfilling American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for knee OA and requiring joint lavage completed a functional index (Lequesne's functional index) and a pain visual analog scale (VAS). SM inflammation near the patella was assessed on axial fat saturation post-injected T1 MRI images using three different methods: (1) semi-quantitative score=MRI synovitis score; (2) synovial membrane volume (SMV) analysis; (3) SMV with low (SMVL) (<0.3%/s−1), intermediate (SMVI) (0.3%/s−1 to 1%/s−1) and high (SMVH) (≥1%/s−1) speed of enhancement. Chondral lesions and SM inflammation were macroscopically graded and SM biopsies performed for microscopic scoring.ResultsAll MRI approaches exhibited excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. MRI synovitis score correlated well with macroscopic (r=0.61, P=0.003) and total microscopic scores (r=0.55, P=0.03). Correlations between SMV and macroscopic (r=0.60, P=0.02) and microscopic congestion (r=0.63, P=0.01) were good. SMVH was correlated only with microscopic congestion (r=0.79, P=0.01). Low SMV was associated with neither macroscopic nor microscopic scores. However, it did correlate well with pain-VAS score (r=0.61, P=0.03) and moderately with a functional index (r=0.46, P=0.10).ConclusionThe three MRI approaches used here provided highly reproducible information on SM inflammation near the patella in knee OA. Compared to SMV, MRI synovitis score seems sufficient to assess synovial inflammation but high SMV is an appropriate indicator of vascular congestion, and low SMV reflects pain in knee OA

La truite commune (Salmo trutta L.) dans le Redon, un petit affluent du lac Léman : caractéristiques des géniteurs de truite de lac (1983-1988) et premières données sur l'impact des relâchers d'alevins nourris

L'étude précise les caractéristiques (âge, croissance) des géniteurs de truite de lac échantillonnés cinq années consécutives sur le Redon, un petit affluent (10 km) du lac Léman (58.240 ha). Les jeunes géniteurs de 2 ou 3 ans représentent 73 % des mâles contre seulement 33 % des femelles. L'examen des écailles montre l'existence de 1 (type 1 : 56 %), 2 (type 2 : 43%) ou 3 ans (type 3 :1 %) de croissance initiale lente "type rivière". La longueur totale rétromesurée à 1 an est significativement plus élevée (129 mm) pour les géniteurs de type 1 que celle (100 mm) des géniteurs de type 2. Un lot de 6.000 alevins, nourris en pisciculture jusqu'à 4 cm, issus de géniteurs de truite de lac et marqués, a été déversé en août 1983 dans la partie aval du Redon. Les géniteurs de truites de lac issus de ce petit lot représentaient une part importante (46 % des femelles et 22 % des mâles) de la cohorte d'adultes correspondante remontant frayer dans le Redon

Validation of Noninvasive Assessment of Pulmonary Gas Exchange in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease during Initial Exposure to High Altitude

Investigation of pulmonary gas exchange efficacy usually requires arterial blood gas analysis (aBGA) to determine arterial partial pressure of oxygen (mPaO2) and compute the Riley alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO2); that is a demanding and invasive procedure. A noninvasive approach (AGM100), allowing the calculation of PaO2 (cPaO2) derived from pulse oximetry (SpO2), has been developed, but this has not been validated in a large cohort of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Our aim was to conduct a validation study of the AG100 in hypoxemic moderate-to-severe COPD. Concurrent measurements of cPaO2 (AGM100) and mPaO2 (EPOC, portable aBGA device) were performed in 131 moderate-to-severe COPD patients (mean ±SD FEV1: 60 ± 10% of predicted value) and low-altitude residents, becoming hypoxemic (i.e., SpO2 < 94%) during a short stay at 3100 m (Too-Ashu, Kyrgyzstan). Agreements between cPaO2 (AGM100) and mPaO2 (EPOC) and between the O2-deficit (calculated as the difference between end-tidal pressure of O2 and cPaO2 by the AGM100) and Riley A-aDO2 were assessed. Mean bias (±SD) between cPaO2 and mPaO2 was 2.0 ± 4.6 mmHg (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.2 to 2.8 mmHg) with 95% limits of agreement (LoA): −7.1 to 11.1 mmHg. In multivariable analysis, larger body mass index (p = 0.046), an increase in SpO2 (p < 0.001), and an increase in PaCO2-PETCO2 difference (p < 0.001) were associated with imprecision (i.e., the discrepancy between cPaO2 and mPaO2). The positive predictive value of cPaO2 to detect severe hypoxemia (i.e., PaO2 ≤ 55 mmHg) was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87 to 0.98) with a positive likelihood ratio of 3.77 (95% CI: 1.71 to 8.33). The mean bias between O2-deficit and A-aDO2 was 6.2 ± 5.5 mmHg (95% CI: 5.3 to 7.2 mmHg; 95%LoA: −4.5 to 17.0 mmHg). AGM100 provided an accurate estimate of PaO2 in hypoxemic patients with COPD, but the precision for individual values was modest. This device is promising for noninvasive assessment of pulmonary gas exchange efficacy in COPD patients

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Physiology and pathophysiology of the vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption

To prevent dehydration, terrestrial animals and humans have developed a sensitive and versatile system to maintain their water homeostasis. In states of hypernatremia or hypovolemia, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP) is released from the pituitary and binds its type-2 receptor in renal principal cells. This triggers an intracellular cAMP signaling cascade, which phosphorylates aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and targets the channel to the apical plasma membrane. Driven by an osmotic gradient, pro-urinary water then passes the membrane through AQP2 and leaves the cell on the basolateral side via AQP3 and AQP4 water channels. When water homeostasis is restored, AVP levels decline, and AQP2 is internalized from the plasma membrane, leaving the plasma membrane watertight again. The action of AVP is counterbalanced by several hormones like prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, dopamine, endothelin-1, acetylcholine, epidermal growth factor, and purines. Moreover, AQP2 is strongly involved in the pathophysiology of disorders characterized by renal concentrating defects, as well as conditions associated with severe water retention. This review focuses on our recent increase in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AVP-regulated renal water transport in both health and disease

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

ÉVOLUTION SPATIO-TEMPORELLE DE LA CONTRIBUTION DU REPEUPLEMENT EN TRUITE (SALMO TRUTTA L.) RÉALISÉ A DES STADES PRÉCOCES DANS LE BASSIN AMONT DU FIER (74).

Les pratiques de repeuplement en truite à des stades précoces (alevins nourris et truitelles 3-5 cm) ont été évaluées par la technique de fluoromarquage des otolithes sur le bassin amont du Fier pour trois cohortes (1995, 1996, 1997). La contribution du repeuplement et du recrutement naturel a été suivie à la fois dans la population en place et dans les captures par pêche à la ligne. Au stade 0+ en place à l’automne, la contribution des poissons alevinés est relativement importante pour les trois cohortes considérées. Cependant, l’analyse du rapport entre le nombre d’alevins introduits au printemps et le nombre de truitelles recapturées à l’automne fait apparaître un taux d’implantation très faible des 0+ marqués quelle que soit la densité alevinée. La contribution des marqués chute brutalement au stade 1+ en place (cohorte 95 et 96) et devient très faible. Cette tendance se poursuit au stade 2+ en place pour la cohorte 95 avec des taux de marqués qui diminuent encore. Dans les captures par pêche à la ligne le taux de 2+ marqués est supérieur à celui observé dans la population en place à l’automne mais la contribution du recrutement naturel reste toujours dominante. Ensuite, la contribution de repeuplement suit la même dynamique que dans la population en place puisqu’il diminue avec l’âge. Elle devient négligeable au stade 3+ et nulle à partir de 4+

Multiple marking of otoliths of brown trout,Salmo truttaL., with alizarin redS to compare efficiency of stocking of three early life stages

This study examined stocking with three early life stages of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in the context of rehabilitating a native lineage. Experimental sections in five streams were stocked successively with three stages (I: unfed fry at the end of the reabsorption phase, II: fed fry measuring 2–3 cm and III: fed fry measuring 4–5 cm) derived from a hatchery stock bred from wild spawners. The three stages were distinguished by single or multiple fluoromarking of the otoliths with alizarin redS. The index of relative stocking efficiency was greater for stage II than for stage I in all sections and equivalent or greater than that for stage III. Stage II achieved significantly larger mean length and weight in autumn than stage III stockings