Costums i opinions a la premsa espanyola del segle XVIII

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Alguns apunts sobre la condició de la dona en la premsa del regnat de Carles III

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Differentiable families of stabilizers for planar bimodal linear control systems

We consider bimodal linear control systems consisting of two subsystems acting on each side of a given hyperplane, assuming continuity along the separating hyperplane. For a differentiable family of controllable planar ones, we construct a differentiable family of feedbacks which pointwise stabilizes both subsystems.Postprint (published version

Planar bimodal piecewise linear systems. Bifurcation diagrams

Postprint (published version

Miniversal Deformations of Bimodal Picewise Linear Systems

Keywords: Bimodal piecewise linear system, miniversal deformations, reduced forms.Bimodal linear systems are those consisting of two linear systems on each side of a given hyperplane, having continuous dynamics along that hyperplane. In this work, we focus on the derivation of (orthogonal) miniversal deformations, by using reduced forms.Postprint (published version

Deformaciones miniversales de parejas de tensores de segundo orden

Consideramos en el espacio de parejas de tensores tension y deformacion la relacion de equivalencia que se corresponde con cambios de base ortonormales. Identificandolas con parejas de matrices cuadradas, podemos utilizar la tecnica de las deformaciones miniversales para averiguar, dada una pareja de tensores cualquiera, cuales son las parejas de tensores que se pueden obtener al perturbar ligeramente la dada, puesto que las clases de equivalencia se pueden identificar con las orbitas que resultan al actuar un grupo de Lie sobre la variedad diferenciable de las parejas de matrices simetricas y son, por lo tanto, variedades diferenciables. Presentamos también las dimensiones que son posibles para dichas orbitas.Peer Reviewe

11β-HSD1 Inhibition Rescues SAMP8 Cognitive Impairment Induced by Metabolic Stress

Ageing and obesity have been shown to increase the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides, elevated glucocorticoid (GCs) levels cause metabolic stress and have been associated with the neurodegenerative process. Direct pieces of evidence link the reduction of GCs caused by the inhibition of 11β-HSD type 1 (11β-HSD1) with cognitive improvement. In the present study, we investigated the beneficial effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (i) RL-118 after high-fat diet (HFD) treatment in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). We found an improvement in glucose intolerance induced by HFD in mice treated with RL-118, a significant reduction in 11β-HSD1 and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein levels. Furthermore, specific modifications in the FGF21 activation after treatment with 11β-HSD1i, RL-118, which induced changes in SIRT1/PGC1α/AMPKα pathway, were found. Oxidative stress (OS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as inflammatory markers and microglial activation, were significantly diminished in HFD mice treated with 11β-HSD1i. Remarkably, treatment with 11β-HSD1i altered PERK pathway in both diet groups, increasing autophagy only in HFD mice group. After RL-118 treatment, a decrease in glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3β) activation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, BACE1 protein levels and the product β-CTF were found. Increases in the non-amyloidogenic secretase ADAM10 protein levels and the product sAPPα were found in both treated mice, regardless of the diet. Consequently, beneficial effects on social behaviour and cognitive performance were found in treated mice. Thus, our results support the therapeutic strategy of selective 11β-HSD1i for the treatment of age-related cognitive decline and AD

Enhanced fatty acid oxidation in adipocytes and macrophages reduces lipid-induced triglyceride accumulation and inflammation

Lipid overload in obesity and type 2 diabetes is associated with adipocyte dysfunction, inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and decreased fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Here, we report that the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), the rate-limiting enzyme in mitochondrial FAO, is higher in human adipose tissue macrophages than in adipocytes and that it is differentially expressed in visceral vs. subcutaneous adipose tissue in both an obese and a type 2 diabetes cohort. These observations led us to further investigate the potential role of CPT1A in adipocytes and macrophages. We expressed CPT1AM, a permanently active mutant form of CPT1A, in 3T3-L1 CARΔ1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages through adenoviral infection. Enhanced FAO in palmitate-incubated adipocytes and macrophages reduced triglyceride content and inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, and reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress and ROS damage in macrophages. We conclude that increasing FAO in adipocytes and macrophages improves palmitate-induced derangements. This indicates that enhancing FAO in metabolically relevant cells such as adipocytes and macrophages may be a promising strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies such as obesity and type 2 diabetes

Utilización de casos clínicos en farmacología para mejorar las habilidades y actitudes en el consejo farmacéutico del estudiante de Farmacia

El estudio de la Farmacología es esencial para formar a los futuros profesionales del medicamento en el grado de Farmacia. Sin embargo, la Farmacología es una materia muy extensa que exige un alto grado no solo de aprendizaje, sino de comprensión y capacidad de integración. Todos estos procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje requieren, además de dedicación, un grado de motivación elevado por parte del estudiante. Por este motivo, en la asignatura Farmacología y Terapéutica II del grado de Farmacia de la Universidad de Barcelona, se utilizan estrategias de aprendizaje activo con la finalidad de aumentar la motivación del estudiante y, en consecuencia, su aprendizaje

The Bace1 product sAPPβ induces ER stress and inflammation and impairs insulin signaling

Objective -secretase/-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key enzyme involved in Alzheimer's disease that has recently been implicated in insulin-independent glucose uptake in myotubes. However, it is presently unknown whether BACE1 and the product of its activity, soluble APPsAPPcontribute to lipid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Materials/Methods Studies were conducted in mouse C2C12 myotubes, skeletal muscle from Bace1-/-mice and mice treated with sAPP and adipose tissue and plasma from obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Results We show that BACE1 inhibition or knockdown attenuates palmitate-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance and prevents the reduction in Peroxisome Proliferator- Activated Receptor Co-activator 1 (PGC-1) and fatty acid oxidation caused by palmitate in myotubes. The effects of palmitate on ER stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, PGC-1 down-regulation, and fatty acid oxidation were mimicked by soluble APP in vitro. BACE1 expression was increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese and type 2 diabetic patients and this was accompanied by a decrease in PGC-1 mRNA levels and by an increase in sAPPplasma levels of obese type 2 diabetic patients compared to obese non-diabetic subjects. Acute sAPP administration to mice reduced PGC-1 levels and increased inflammation in skeletal muscle and decreased insulin sensitivity. Conclusions Collectively, these findings indicate that the BACE1 product sAPP is a key determinant in ER stress, inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and gluconeogenesis in liver