Density-dependent effects on the survival and growth of the rodent stomach worm Protospirura muricola in laboratory mice

The spirurid nematode, Protospirura muricola, is of intrinsic interest as a rodent model of gastric nematode infections. Since worm burdens can be very heavy in nature, density dependent processes may constrain parasite growth. Laboratory mice (BKW) were exposed to varying doses of infective larvae of P. muricola in the range 5 to 40 third-stage larvae (L3), in four separate experiments in which progressively higher doses were utilized. All mice were culled 60 days after infection and a total of 518 worms (226 male and 292 female worms) was recovered, measured and weighed. Overall survival was 58.9%, but survival declined significantly with increasing dose by approximately 21% (from 66% at 5 L3 per mouse to 52% at 40 L3 per mouse). The length and weight of worms correlated positively in both sexes. Total worm biomass increased linearly with increasing numbers of worms. However, whilst the length and weight of male worms declined with increasing worm burden (8.4 and 24.6% respectively), female worms were less affected, only length showing a significant reduction with increasing parasite burden (16.0%). Therefore, increasing worm burdens impeded growth of P. muricola, but reduction in length and weight were relatively small in relation to the overall size of this nematode. Increasing worm burdens were associated with loss of host weight and reduction in stomach weight and worm burdens in excess of 20 exerted a measurable cost to the host, which in the field, may be associated with loss of overall host fitness

Mechanical behaviour of dental composite filling materials using digital holography

One of the most common clinical problems in dentistry is tooth decay. Among the dental filling materials used to repair tooth structure that has been destroyed by decay are dental amalgam and composite materials based on acrylics. Dental amalgam has been used by dentists for the past 150 years as a dental restorative material due to its low cost, ease of application, strength, durability, and bacteriostatic effects. However its safety as a filling material has been questioned due to the presence of mercury. Amalgam possesses greater longevity when compared to other direct restorative materials, such as, composite [1]. However, this difference has decreased with continual development of composite resins [2]

Análisis de envejecimiento en paneles sándwich de madera/ Ageing tests study on wood-based sandwich panels

Los paneles sándwich de madera son un producto de creciente aplicación en la edificación de nuestro país. Este ascendente uso del material debe estar acompañado de las garantías necesarias avaladas por un estudio previo de sus prestaciones. Como es preceptivo y entre otros, se evalúa su durabilidad frente a las condiciones climatológicas, clave en los productos derivados de la madera, acorde a la normativa actual definida con tal fin, la Guía ETAG 016. Sin embargo, debido a la clase de uso del material, se ha detectado que dicha normativa tal y como está concebida no es capaz de valorar su envejecimiento adecuadamente. En este trabajo se proponen ensayos alternativos al establecido tras exhaustivos aná- lisis que recrean las condiciones reales de uso y más acordes a los productos de madera. Se concluye que la incorporación de una lámina impermeable, pero permeable al vapor de agua hacia el exterior, como las utilizadas en el montaje, aportan el mejor procedimiento de ensayo. Composite lightweight wood panels are being increasingly used in construction in Spain. Their growing use should be accompanied by necessary guarantees based on studies of their properties. As it is prescriptive and in addition to others tests, in the present work is examinated the durability of these panels when exposed to the climatic conditions, a characteristic of great importance for wood products, according to Guide ETAG 016, the current standard defining the ageing tests to be used. However, due to the use class of this material, there are indications that the testing outlined in this Guide is inappropriate for assessing the ageing of wood-based sandwich panels. Alternative tests are here proposed that recreate rather better the real conditions under which these products are used. Covering the samples in a waterproof sheeting permeable to the outward movement of water vapour, which is in fact used in the installation, provided the best procedure for testing these panels

Antiferromagnetism in four dimensions: search for non-triviality

We present antiferromagnetism as a mechanism capable of modifying substantially the phase diagram and the critical behaviour of statistical mechanical models. This is particularly relevant in four dimensions, due to the connection between second order transition points and the continuum limit as a quantum field theory. We study three models with an antiferromagnetic interaction: the Ising and the O(4) Models with a second neighbour negative coupling, and the \RP{2} Model. Different conclusions are obtained depending on the model.Comment: 4 pages LateX. Contribution to Lat9

Evolución de la Biomecánica Deportiva a partir de las tesis doctorales realizadas en España entre los años 1980 y 2019

El objeto de este estudio es realizar una revisión de las tesis doctorales que se han leído en España en el campo de la Biomecánica Deportiva durante el periodo comprendido entre 1980 y 2019 para conocer la producción científica, los datos de autoría y dirección, y los referentes institucionales que les han dado cobertura académica. La muestra ha quedado compuesta de 233 tesis después de un proceso de selección con el uso de criterios de inclusión/exclusión y términos de búsqueda específicos. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que la producción de tesis en Biomecánica deportiva ha sido exponencial a lo largo de los periodos analizados. El 90,6% de las tesis se han leído en universidades públicas y el 9,4% en privadas. Tanto en la autoría, como en la dirección de las tesis, existe una presencia mayoritaria de hombres. A pesar de la progresiva y creciente presencia de la mujer como autoras de las tesis, el 69,5% están realizadas por hombres y en el caso de la dirección de las tesis, la presencia de la mujer es incluso, más reducida, con un 81,5% de las tesis dirigidas solo por hombresPeer Reviewe

The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions

The adult body size of the Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), varies in natural conditions. Body size is an important Þtness indicator in the Mediterranean fruit ßy;largerindividuals are more competitive at mating and have a greater dispersion capacity and fertility. Both temperature during larval development and host fruit quality have been cited as possible causes for this variation.We studied the inßuence of host fruit and temperature during larval development on adult body size (wing area) in the laboratory, and determined body size variation in Þeld populations of the Mediterannean fruit ßy in eastern Spain. Field ßies measured had two origins: 1) ßies periodically collected throughout the year in Þeld traps from 32 citrus groves, during the period 2003Ð2007; and 2) ßies evolved from different fruit species collected between June and December in 2003 and 2004. In the lab, wing area of male and female adults varied signiÞcantly with temperature during larval development, being larger at the lowest temperature. Adult size also was signiÞcantly different depending on the host fruit in which larvae developed. The size of the ßies captured at the Þeld, either from traps or from fruits, varied seasonally showing a gradual pattern of change along the year. The largest individuals were obtained during winter and early spring and the smallest during late summer. In Þeld conditions, the size of the adult Mediterannean fruit ßy seems apparently more related with air temperature than with host fruit. The implications of this adult size pattern on the biology ofC. capitata and on the application of the sterile insect technique are discussed.We thank Apostolos Pekas for his useful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. This work was supported by the project RTA03-103-C6-3 assigned to F. G. M. from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Navarro Campos, C.; Martínez Ferrer, MT.; Campos, J.; Fibla, JM.; Alcaide, J.; Bargues Desolmes, L.; Marzal Moreno, C.... (2011). The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions. Environmental Entomology. 90(4):931-938. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10302S931938904Albajes R. Santiago-Alvarez C. 1980. Influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Trypetidae). An. INIA. 13: 183–190.Angilletta, Jr.,, M. J., & Dunham, A. E. (2003). The Temperature‐Size Rule in Ectotherms: Simple Evolutionary Explanations May Not Be General. The American Naturalist, 162(3), 332-342. doi:10.1086/377187Arita L.H. Kaneshiro K.Y. 1988. Body size and differential mating success between males of two populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Pac. Sci. 42: 173–177.Atkinson D. 1994. Temperature and organism size: a biological law for ectotherms?. Adv. Ecol. Res. 25: 1–58.Atkinson, D., & Sibly, R. M. (1997). Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12(6), 235-239. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01058-6Back E.A. Pemberton C.E. 1918. The mediterranean fruit fly. U.S. Dep. Agric. Bull. 640: 1–43.BLAY, S., & YUVAL, B. (1997). Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Animal Behaviour, 54(1), 59-66. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0445Bodenheimer F.S. 1951. Citrus entomology in the Middle East. W. Junk. The Hague, Netherlands. 1–663.Calkins C.O. 1984. The importance of understanding fruit fly mating behavior in sterile male release programs (Diptera: Tephritidae). Folia Entomol. Mexicana. 61: 205–213.Carey J.R. 1984. Host-specific demographic studies of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata . Ecol. Entomol. 9: 261–270.Chapman R.F. 1998. The insects: structure and function. 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.Christenson, L. D., & Foote, R. H. (1960). Biology of Fruit Flies. Annual Review of Entomology, 5(1), 171-192. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.05.010160.001131Churchill-Stanland, C., Stanland, R., Wong, T. T. Y., Tanaka, N., McInnis, D. O., & Dowell, R. V. (1986). Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(3), 614-619. doi:10.1093/jee/79.3.614Danthanarayana W. 1976. Environmentally cued size variation in the light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Tortricidae), and its adaptive value in dispersal. Oecologia. 26: 121–132.Davidowitz G. Nijhout H.F. 2004. The physiological basis of reaction norms: the interaction among growth rate, the duration of growth and body size. Integr. Comp. Biol. 144: 443–449.Davidowitz G.L. D'Amico J. Nijhout H.F. 2004. The effects of environmental variation on a mechanism that controls insect body size. Evol. Ecol. Res. 6: 49–62.Debouzie D. 1977. Etude de la competition larvaire chez Ceratitis capitata (Dyptère, Trypetidae). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 118: 315–334.Diamond, S. E., & Kingsolver, J. G. (2010). Environmental Dependence of Thermal Reaction Norms: Host Plant Quality Can Reverse the Temperature‐Size Rule. The American Naturalist, 175(1), 1-10. doi:10.1086/648602Eberhard W. 2000. Sexual behavior and sexual selection in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dacinae: Ceratitidini) In . Aluja M. Norrbom A. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.Edgar, B. A. (2006). How flies get their size: genetics meets physiology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(12), 907-916. doi:10.1038/nrg1989Fletcher B.S. 1989a. Movements of tephritid fruit flies, pp. 209–219 In . Robinson A.S. Hooper G. World crop pests, vol. 3B. Fruits flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Fletcher B.S. 1989b. Life History Strategies of Tephritid fruit flies, pp. 195–208 In . Robinson A.S. Hooper G. World crop pests, vol. 3B. Fruits flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Gilchrist A.S. Crisafulli D.C. 2006. Using variation in wing shape to distinguish between wild and mass-reared individuals of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni . Entomol. Exp. Appl. 119: 175–178.Gilchrist A.S. Partridge L. 2001. The contrasting genetic architecture of wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster . Heredity. 86: 144–152.Gómez Clemente F. Planes S. 1952. Algunas notas sobre la ecología de Ceratitis capitata en el Levante español sobre naranjos. Bol. Patol. Veg. Entomol. Agric. 19: 37–48.Hasson O. Rossler Y. 2002. Character-specific homeostasis dominates fluctuating asymmetries in the medfly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fla. Entomol. 85: 73–82.HOFFMANN, A. A., RATNA, E., SGRÒ, C. M., BARTON, M., BLACKET, M., HALLAS, R., … WEEKS, A. R. (2007). Antagonistic selection between adult thorax and wing size in field released Drosophila melanogaster independent of thermal conditions. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20(6), 2219-2227. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01422.xInglesfield C. 1982. Larval hosts, adult body size and population quality in Ceratitis capitata Wied.: a laboratory study. Annali della Facoltà di Agraria dell'Università di Sassari. 28: 25–39.Israely, N., Yuval, B., Kitron, U., & Nestel, D. (1997). Population Fluctuations of Adult Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Mediterranean Heterogeneous Agricultural Region. Environmental Entomology, 26(6), 1263-1269. doi:10.1093/ee/26.6.1263Joaquim-Bravo I.S. Guimaraes A.N. Magalhaes T.C. Nascimento A.S. 2010. Performance of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in fruits: comparison of two laboratory populations. Neotrop. Entomol. 39: 9–14.Kaspi, R., Taylor, P. W., & Yuval, B. (2000). Diet and size influence sexual advertisement and copulatory success of males in Mediterranean fruit fly leks. Ecological Entomology, 25(3), 279-284. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00266.xKaspi R. Mossinson S. Drezner T. Kamensky B. Yuval B. 2002. Effects of larval diet on development rates and reproductive maturation of male and female Mediterranean fruit flies. Physiol. Entomol. 27: 29–38.Kingsolver J.G. Shlichta J.G. Ragland G.J. Massie K.R. 2006. Thermal reaction norms for caterpillar growth depend on diet. Evol. Ecol. Res. 8: 703–715.Krainacker, D. A., Carey, J. R., & Vargas, R. I. (1987). Effect of larval host on life history traits of the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Oecologia, 73(4), 583-590. doi:10.1007/bf00379420Krainacker, D. A., Carey, J. R., & Vargas, R. I. (1989). Size-Specific Survival and Fecundity for Laboratory Strains of Two Tephritid (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species: Implications for Mass Rearing. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82(1), 104-108. doi:10.1093/jee/82.1.104Liquido N.J. Shinoda L.A. Cunningham R.T. 1991. Host plants of Mediterranean fruit fly: an annotated world review. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 1–52.Martínez-Ferrer M.T. Campos J.M. Fibla J.M. 2006. Population dynamics of Ceratitis capitata on citrus in northeastern Spain: influence of adjacent host fruit trees. IOBC-WPRS Bull. 29: 77–84.Martínez-Ferrer M.T. Navarro C. Campos J.M. Marzal C. Fibla J.M. Bargues L. Garcia-Mari F. 2010. Seasonal and annual trends in field populations of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in Mediterranean citrus groves: comparison of two geographic areas in eastern Spain. Spanish. J. Agric. Res. 8: 757–765.Weitzman, J. (2006). Journal of Biology, 5(1), 1. doi:10.1186/jbiol33PAPADOPOULOS, N. T., CAREY, J. R., LIEDO, P., MÜLLER, H.-G., & SENTÜRK, D. (2009). Virgin females compete for mates in the male lekking speciesCeratitis capitata. Physiological Entomology, 34(3), 238-245. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.2009.00680.xProkopy, R. J., & Hendrichs, J. (1979). Mating Behavior of Ceratitis capitata1 on a Field-Caged Host Tree. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 72(5), 642-648. doi:10.1093/aesa/72.5.642Ray, C. (1960). The application of Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules to the poikilotherms. Journal of Morphology, 106(1), 85-108. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051060104Rivnay E. 1950. The Mediterranean fruit fly in Israel. Bull. Entomol. Res. 41: 321–341.Sankarperumal, G., & Pandian, T. J. (1991). Effect of temperature andChlorelladensity on growth and metamorphosis ofChironomus circumdatus(Kieffer) (Diptera). Aquatic Insects, 13(3), 167-177. doi:10.1080/01650429109361438Santaballa E. Laborda R. Bargues L. 2001. Tratamientos de cuarentena: evolución y supervivencia de la mosca de las frutas Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) sobre cítricos. Levante Agric. 358: 405–412.Sharp, J. L., Boller, E. F., & Chambers, D. L. (1983). Selection for Flight Propensity of Laboratory and Wild Strains of Anastrepha suspensa and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)1. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76(2), 302-305. doi:10.1093/jee/76.2.302Sigurjonsdottir H. 1984. Food competition among Scatophaga stercoraria larvae with emphasis on its effects on reproductive success. Ecol. Entomol. 9: 81–90.Sivinski J. Aluja M. Dodson G.N. Freidberg A. Headrick D.H. Kaneshiro K.Y. Landolt P. 2000. Topics in the evolution of sexual behavior in the Tephritidae, pp. 751–792 In . Aluja M. Norrbom A. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.Stamp, N. E. (1990). Growth versus molting time of caterpillars as a function of temperature, nutrient concentration and the phenolic rutin. Oecologia, 82(1), 107-113. doi:10.1007/bf00318541Statgraphics. 1994. Version 5.1 Plus. Statistical graphics system by Statistical Graphics Corporation, Manugistics, Rockville, MD.Torres-Vila L.M. Sanchez Á. Ponce F. Delgado E. Aza M.C. Barrena F. Ferrero J.J. Cruces E. Rodriguez F. 2006. Dinámica poblacional de Bractocera oleae Gmelin en Extremadura: fluctuación estacional en el estado reproductivo y en el tamaño inaginal. Bol. Sanid. Veg., Plagas. 32: 57–69.Whittier, T. S., Nam, F. Y., Shelly, T. E., & Kaneshiro, K. Y. (1994). Male courtship success and female discrimination in the mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 7(2), 159-170. doi:10.1007/bf01990078Yuval, B., Wekesa, J. W., Lemenager, D., Kauffman, E. E., & Washino, R. K. (1993). Seasonal Variation in Body Size of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Rice Culture Agroecosystem. Environmental Entomology, 22(2), 459-463. doi:10.1093/ee/22.2.459Zucoloto F.S. 1987. Feeding habits of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): can larvae recognize a nutritionally effective diet?. J. Insect Physiol. 33: 349–353

Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Gambling Disorder is a prevalent non-substance use disorder, which contrasts with the low number of people requesting treatment. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) could help to enhance the dissemination of evidence-based treatments and considerably reduce the costs. The current study seeks to assess the efficacy of an online psychological intervention for people suffering from gambling problems in Spain. The proposed study will be a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. A total of 134 participants (problem and pathological gamblers) will be randomly allocated to a waiting list control group (N = 67) or an intervention group (N = 67). The intervention program includes 8 modules, and it is based on motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and extensions and innovations of CBT. It includes several complementary tools that are present throughout the entire intervention. Therapeutic support will be provided once a week through a phone call with a maximum length of 10 min. The primary outcome measure will be gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions, and secondary outcome measures will be readiness to change, and gambling self-efficacy. Other variables that will be considered are depression and anxiety symptoms, positive and negative affect, difficulties in emotion regulation strategies, impulsivity, and quality of life. Individuals will be assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. During the treatment, participants will also respond to a daily Ecological Momentary Intervention (EMI) in order to evaluate urges to gamble, self-efficacy to cope with gambling urges, gambling urge frequency, and whether gambling behaviour occurs. The EMI includes immediate automatic feedback depending on the participant''s responses. Treatment acceptance and satisfaction will also be assessed. The data will be analysed both per protocol and by Intention-to treat. As far as we know, this is the first randomized controlled trial of an online psychological intervention for gambling disorder in Spain. It will expand our knowledge about treatments delivered via the Internet and contribute to improving treatment dissemination, reaching people suffering from this problem who otherwise would not receive help

Production of biochars from crop residues for the remediation of trace elements contaminated soils

Biochar is the solid material obtained from thermochemical conversion of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions (pyrolysis), which can be applied as soil ameliorant [1]. In general, biochar properties are very heterogeneous due to the diverse pyrolytic conditions and the wide variety of organic residues used as feedstock [2,3]. This study intends to discern the relationship between feedstock, pyrolysis conditions and biochar properties with the goal of producing biochar with a high potential for the stabilization of trace elements in contaminated soils. For that purpose, biochars were produced using four different feedstock (rice husk, pruned olive trees, olive pit and “alperujo”, a byproduct of olive oil production) and two contrasting pyrolysis systems: a batch reactor (temperature ranged from 350 to 600 ºC; reaction time from 0.5 to 4 h under N2 atmosphere with a heating and cooling rate of XY K s-1) and a continuously feed reactor with a screw conveyor (Pyreka reactor; 500 ºC, residence time 12 min and N2 flux). Biochars were characterized by determining their pH, water holding capacity (WHC), elemental composition (C, H, N), ash content, internal structure by micro-computed tomography and chemical composition by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. To complete the characterization, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area (SSABET; N2 adsorptive) and solid-state 13C-NMR spectroscopy were performed. Biochars produced in the batch reactor showed that pH, WHC, TC, SSABET, ash content and aromaticity increased with temperature and reaction time. Rice husk biochars showed the highest WHC (> 100%), while olive pit biochars the lowest ones. Rice husk and olive pit biochars had the highest aromaticity (between 75 and 91% of aryl carbon). The H/Cat ratio decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, which suggests an increase in the condensation degree of the aromatic structures. SSABET surface area ranged from 20 to 100 m2 g-1 and increased with temperature. Biochars produced in the batch reactor resulted in greater SSA values than Pyreka biochars. The pyrolysis conditions of 500 ºC and 2 h at the batch reactor resulted in similar biochars than those produced by the Pyreka reactor at 500 ºC and 12 min. Taking into account the necessity of applying biochar to soil for remediation purposes, we selected those biochars of high stability (ratio H/Cat ≤ 0.7 & high aromaticity by 13C NMR spectroscopy), great capacity for the sorption and stabilization of trace elements2 (SSABET ≥ 100 m2g-1; pH ≥9) and good potential to act as soil amendment (high WHC). The pyrolysis conditions finally selected were 500 ºC and 2 hours for the steel-batch reactor and 500 ºC and 12 min for the continuous reactor. At these conditions, rice husk biochars showed the most appropriate characteristics to be used as soil amendment for trace-elements contaminated soils

Three-step Bayesian factor analysis applied to QTL detection in crosses between outbred pig populations

AbstractMarker assisted selection (MAS) can be used to improve the efficiency of genetic selection of traits for which phenotypic measurements are expensive or cannot be obtained on selection candidates, such as carcass traits. Marker information required for MAS may be acquired through the identification of QTLs. Generally, univariate models are used for QTL detection, although multiple-trait models (MTM) may enhance QTL detection and breeding value estimation. In MTM, however, the number of parameters can be large and, if traits are highly correlated, such as carcass traits, estimates of (co)variance matrices may be close to singular. Because of this, dimension reduction techniques such as Factor Analysis (FA) may be useful. The aim of our project is to evaluate the use of FA for structuring (co)variance matrices in the context of Bayesian models for QTL detection in crosses between outbred populations. In our method, QTL effects are postulated at the level of common factors (CF) rather than the original traits, using a three-step approach. In a first step, a MTM is fitted to arrive at estimates of systematic effects and prediction of breeding values (procedure A) and only systematic effect (procedure B). These estimates/predictions are then used to generate an adjusted phenotype that is further analyzed with a Bayesian FA model. This step yields estimates of factor scores for each animal and CF. In the last step, the scores relative to each CF are analyzed independently using probabilities for the line of origin combination. To illustrate the methodology, data on 416 F2 pigs (Brazilian Piau X commercial) with ten traits (5 fat-related, 2 loin measurements, and 3 carcass classification systems) were analyzed. For each of the three resulting CFs, an independent QTL scan was performed on chromosome 7 considering three models: I) null (i.e., absence of QTL); II) additive effect QTL, and III) additive and dominance effect QTL. The posterior probability (PP) of each model was calculated from Bayes factor for each considered procedures (A and B). A Three-step Bayesian factor analysis allowed us to calculate the probability of QTLs that simultaneously affect a group of carcass traits for each position of SSC 7. The removal of systematic effects in the first step of the evaluation (procedure B) allowed that the factor analysis, which was performed in the second step, identify three distinct factors that explained 85% of the total traits variation. For the common factor that represented fat-related traits (bacon depth, midline lower backfat thickness, higher backfat thickness on the shoulder; midline backfat thickness after the last rib; midline backfat thickness on the last lumbar vertebrae) the third step of the analysis showed that the highest probability of an additive QTL effect at the 65cM position was 86%

Craniotomia Orbitozigomática Em Três Peças: Dicas E Truques

Objective: Didactically describe the orbitozygomatic craniotomy made in three pieces. Method: This approach was performed, from 2002 to 2011, in 49 patients admitted at Beneficência Portuguesa of São Paulo Hospital. Results: Twenty-seven patients had vascular lesions and twenty-two suffered for intracranial skull base tumors. The vascular lesions varied from cavernous angiomas inside the mesencephalum, high bifurcation basilar tip aneurysms, superior cerebellar arteries aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations in the interpeduncular cistern. Skull base tumors as meningiomas, interpeduncular hamartomas and third ventricle floor gliomas were among the neoplastic lesions approached. We had no permanent injuries and minimal transient complications had occurred. Conclusion: It is a descriptive text, organized in the sequence of the main stages in which such a craniotomy is performed, describing in details the technique in which this group of evolutionarily authors came to accomplish the task. © 2016, Associacao Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. All rights reserved.74322823