AVALIAÇÃO DOS EFEITOS DE DIFERENTES CONCENTRAÇÕES DE CLORO NA DESCAPSULAÇÃO E ECLOSÃO DE LARVAS DE ARTEMIA (Artemia sp.)

This paper was prepared in the Aquaculture Laboratory of the Federal University of the State of Parana, Brazil, with the purpose of determining the best sodium hypochloride (NaClO with 6% active ingredient) dosage to be employed in the artemia oocysts hatching process.The artemia oocysts were hydrated for 1 hour, filtered and submitted to a 10-minute chlorine treatment. The chlorine dosages tested were the following (NaClO - 6% sodium hypochloride): 0.38g, 0.75g, 1.50g, 3.00g and 6.00g of active ingredient per liter of water. Soon after chlorine application the oocysts were rinsed to eliminate the chlorine and immediately the oocysts were put into transparent plastic vials with water in the constant aeration and luminosity, where they remained for 53 hours. For the nauplii count one mililiter of the vial was put into a test tube with an interconnected aeration. Three counts were made for all repetitions and the threshold analysed was the number of hatched larvae per mililiter of hatching solution. The results were submitted to a normality test and it was determined that the hatching results did not show a normal pattern, therefore, it was not possible to use those averages as a comparison basis between treatments. Subsequently non-parametric tests were performed using the overall average as a comparison basis between treatments.Techically one can see the superiority of treatment with 1.50g of active chlorine, which resulted in the highest hatching-out counts, with 50% of the observed data presented 140 larvae hatched per milimiter.O presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Aqüicultura da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), com o objetivo de determinar a melhor dose de hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO com 6% de ingrediente ativo) a ser empregada na descapsulação de oocistos de artemia. Os oocistos de artemia foram hidratados durante 1 hora, filtrados e submetidos aos tratamentos com cloro durante 10 minutos. As dosagens de cloro testadas foram as seguintes (NaClO - hipoclorito de sódio 6%): 0,38g, 0,75g, 1,50g, 3,00g e 6,00g de ingrediente ativo por litro de água. Depois da aplicação do cloro fez-se a lavagem dos oocistos para eliminar o cloro aplicado e logo após os oocistos foram colocados na água em frascos plásticos transparentes com aeração e luminosidade constante onde ficaram durante 53 horas. Para contagem dos náuplios foi pipetado um mililitro do frasco com aeração ligada. Para todas as repetições foram feitas três contagens e o parâmetro analisado foi o número de larvas eclodidas por mililitro da solução de eclosão. Os resultados foram submetidos a um teste de normalidade e foi verificado que os resultados de eclosão não tinham distribuição normal, portanto as médias não puderam ser usadas como termo de comparação entre os tratamentos. Então foram realizados testes não-paramétricos que usam a mediana como parâmetro de comparação entre os tratamentos. Tecnicamente observa-se a superioridade do tratamento de 1,50g de cloro ativo que apresentou o ponto máximo de eclosão, tendo 50% dos dados de eclosão ao redor de 140 larvas eclodidas por mililitro

Infrared optical properties of the spin-1/2 quantum magnet TiOClTiOCl

We report results on the electrodynamic response of $TiOCl$, a low-dimensional spin-1/2 quantum magnet that shows a spin gap formation for T$<T_{c1}$= 67 $K$. The Fano-like shape of a few selected infrared active phonons suggests an interaction between lattice vibrations and a continuum of low frequency (spin) excitations. The temperature dependence of the phonon mode parameters extends over a broad temperature range well above $T_{c1}$, indicating the presence of an extended fluctuation regime. In the temperature interval between 200 $K$ and $T_{c1}$ there is a progressive dimensionality crossover (from two to one), as well as a spectral weight shift from low towards high frequencies. This allows us to identify a characteristic energy scale of about 430 $K$, ascribed to a pseudo spin-gap

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362