501 research outputs found
The Anticipation and Adaptation Effects of Intra- and Interpersonal Wage Changes on Job Satisfaction
Nominal or Real? The Impact of Regional Price Levels on Satisfaction with Life
According to economic theory, real income, i.e., nominal income adjusted for purchasing power, should be the relevant source of life satisfaction. Previous work, however, has only studied the impact of inflation adjusted nominal income and not taken into account regional differences in purchasing power. Therefore, we use a novel data set to study how regional price levels affect satisfaction with life. The data set comprises about 7 million data points that are used to construct a price level for each of the 428 administrative districts in Germany. We estimate pooled OLS and ordered probit models that include a comprehensive set of individual level, time-varying and time-invariant control variables as well as control variables that capture district heterogeneity other than the price level. Our results show that higher price levels significantly reduce life satisfaction. Furthermore, we find that a higher price level tends to induce a larger loss in life satisfaction than a corresponding decrease in nominal income. A formal test of neutrality of money, however, does not reject neutrality of money. Our results provide an argument in favor of regional indexation of government transfer payments such as social welfare benefits
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Life satisfaction and economic conditions in East and West Germany pre- and post-unification
Economic disruption in East Germany at the time of unification resulted in a noticeable drop in life satisfaction. By the late 1990s East Germany's life satisfaction had recovered to about its 1990 level, and its shortfall relative to West Germany was slightly less than that before unification. In West Germany life satisfaction was fairly constant before unification, but subsequently trended moderately downward, with Turkish life satisfaction declining noticeably relative to Germans. Changes in life satisfaction in East and West Germany both for Germans and foreigners are most closely associated with relative income variables, not absolute income
Fear of crime on the rail networks: Perceptions of the UK public and British Transport Police
Counter-terrorism on the rail network is vital to the security of the United Kingdom. The British Transport Police (BTP) employ covert and overt security measures to prevent crime, which includes: closed circuit television, armed police, unarmed polisce, police community support officers, police dogs, stops and searches and awareness campaigns. All security measures aim to deter crime while importantly reassuring the public. We surveyed both members of the public and BTP officers about the perceived effectiveness of current security measures, specifically with regards to fear of terrorism. Feelings of reassurance and the perceived effectiveness of security measures were positively related. The most effective and reassuring security measure was the use of armed police; whereas the least effective and reassuring was the use of awareness campaigns. However, interestingly, qualitative analyses suggested that an increase in armed police without informed awareness campaigns would have a negative impact on public reassurance by increasing fear
COMAP Early Science: VIII. A Joint Stacking Analysis with eBOSS Quasars
We present a new upper limit on the cosmic molecular gas density at z = 2.4 − 3.4 obtained using the first year of observations from the CO Mapping Array Project (COMAP). COMAP data cubes are stacked on the 3D positions of 243 quasars selected from the Extended Baryon Oscillation SpectroscopicSurvey (eBOSS) catalog, yielding a 95% upper limit for flux from CO(1-0) line emission of 0.129 Jykm/s. Depending on the balance of the emission between the quasar host and its environment, this value can be interpreted as an average CO line luminosity L′CO of eBOSS quasars of ≤ 1.26 × 1011 K km pc2s−1, or an average molecular gas density ρH2 in regions of the universe containing a quasar of ≤ 1.52 × 108 M⊙ cMpc−3. The L′ CO upper limit falls among CO line luminosities obtained fromindividually-targeted quasars in the COMAP redshift range, and the ρH2 value is comparable to upper limits obtained from other Line Intensity Mapping (LIM) surveys and their joint analyses. Further, we forecast the values obtainable with the COMAP/eBOSS stack after the full 5-year COMAP Pathfinder survey. We predict that a detection is probable with this method, depending on the CO properties of the quasar sample. Based on the achieved sensitivity, we believe that this technique of stacking LIM data on the positions of traditional galaxy or quasar catalogs is extremely promising, both asa technique for investigating large galaxy catalogs efficiently at high redshift and as a technique for bolstering the sensitivity of LIM experiments, even with a fraction of their total expected survey data
COMAP Early Science: VIII. A Joint Stacking Analysis with eBOSS Quasars
We present a new upper limit on the cosmic molecular gas density at
obtained using the first year of observations from the CO Mapping
Array Project (COMAP). COMAP data cubes are stacked on the 3D positions of 282
quasars selected from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
(eBOSS) catalog, yielding a 95% upper limit for flux from CO(1-0) line emission
of 0.210 Jy km/s. Depending on the assumptions made, this value can be
interpreted as either an average CO line luminosity of eBOSS
quasars of K km pc s, or an average
molecular gas density in regions of the universe containing
a quasar of M cMpc. The
upper limit falls among CO line luminosities obtained from
individually-targeted quasars in the COMAP redshift range, and the
value is comparable to upper limits obtained from other
Line Intensity Mapping (LIM) surveys and their joint analyses. Further, we
forecast the values obtainable with the COMAP/eBOSS stack after the full 5-year
COMAP Pathfinder survey. We predict that a detection is probable with this
method, depending on the CO properties of the quasar sample. Based on these
achieved sensitivities, we believe that this technique of stacking LIM data on
the positions of traditional galaxy or quasar catalogs is extremely promising,
both as a technique for investigating large galaxy catalogs efficiently at high
redshift and as a technique for bolstering the sensitivity of LIM experiments,
even with a fraction of their total expected survey data.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures. To be submitted to Ap
COMAP Early Science: V. Constraints and Forecasts at
We present the current state of models for the carbon monoxide (CO)
line-intensity signal targeted by the CO Mapping Array Project (COMAP)
Pathfinder in the context of its early science results. Our fiducial model,
relating dark matter halo properties to CO luminosities, informs parameter
priors with empirical models of the galaxy-halo connection and previous CO(1-0)
observations. The Pathfinder early science data spanning wavenumbers
-Mpc represent the first direct 3D constraint on the
clustering component of the CO(1-0) power spectrum. Our 95% upper limit on the
redshift-space clustering amplitude K greatly
improves on the indirect upper limit of K reported from the CO
Power Spectrum Survey (COPSS) measurement at Mpc. The COMAP
limit excludes a subset of models from previous literature, and constrains
interpretation of the COPSS results, demonstrating the complementary nature of
COMAP and interferometric CO surveys. Using line bias expectations from our
priors, we also constrain the squared mean line intensity-bias product,
K, and the cosmic molecular gas
density, Mpc (95% upper
limits). Based on early instrument performance and our current CO signal
estimates, we forecast that the five-year Pathfinder campaign will detect the
CO power spectrum with overall signal-to-noise of 9-17. Between then and now,
we also expect to detect the CO-galaxy cross-spectrum using overlapping galaxy
survey data, enabling enhanced inferences of cosmic star-formation and
galaxy-evolution history.Comment: Paper 5 of 7 in series. 17 pages + appendix and bibliography (30
pages total); 15 figures, 6 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ; v3
reflects the accepted version with minor changes and additions to tex
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