Mass Exchange Dynamics of Surface and Subsurface Oil in Shallow-Water Transport

We formulate a model for the mass exchange between oil at and below the sea surface. This is a particularly important aspect of modeling oil spills. Surface and subsurface oil have different chemical and transport characteristics and lumping them together would compromise the accuracy of the resulting model. Without observational or computational constraints, it is thus not possible to quantitatively predict oil spills based upon partial field observations of surface and/or sub-surface oil. The primary challenge in capturing the mass exchange is that the principal mechanisms are on the microscale. This is a serious barrier to developing practical models for oil spills that are capable of addressing questions regarding the fate of oil at the large spatio-temporal scales, as demanded by environmental questions. We use upscaling to propose an environmental-scale model which incorporates the mass exchange between surface and subsurface oil due to oil droplet dynamics, buoyancy effects, and sea surface and subsurface mechanics. While the mass exchange mechanism detailed here is generally applicable to oil transport models, it addresses the modeling needs of a particular to an oil spill model [1]. This transport model is designed to capture oil spills at very large spatio-temporal scales. It accomplishes this goal by specializing to shallow-water environments, in which depth averaging is a perfectly good approximation for the flow, while at the same time retaining mass conservation of oil over the whole oceanic domain.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figure

Mating Ewes on Condensed Tannin-Containing Forages Increases Ewe Reproductive Rate and Reduces Lamb Mortality

Action of condensed tannin (CT) reduces forage protein degradation in the rumen and increases the absorption of amino acids from the small intestine (Barry & McNabb 1999). This paper reports the effects of grazing ewes on two CT-containing forages during mating upon ewe reproductive rate and lamb mortality

Effect of pretreatment with low-frequency ultrasound on quality parameters in gulupa (Passiflora edulis sims) pulp

The Gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) is an expression of South America’s tropics’ biodiversity, and a source of B vitamins and amino acids. It is a climacteric export fruit for which it is necessary to incorporate emerging technologies for its conservation and transport. This work investigated the effect of ultrasound on gulupa pulp and verified the stability of the characters of interest in the shelf life of 20 days. Six treatments and a control sample were used, evaluated in triplicate, and varied in frequency (30 and 40 kHz) with an exposure time of 10, 20, and 30 min. A statistical analysis of unidirectional variances and Dunnett’s test was used. It was found that the ultrasound treatments did not affect the pH or the titratable acidity. Soluble solid results presented a significant increase (p < 0.05) (from 13.4 to 14.8% w/v) in the antioxidant capacity (from 1.13 to 1.54 µmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g by the ABTS•+ (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) Cationic Radical Assay and from 3.3 to 3.7 µmol TE/g by the DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil) Radical Scavenging Assay). During the shelf life, ascorbic acid was the parameter that varied most (p < 0.05). It decreased from 42.7 to 21.6 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of pulp in the control sample. However, a smaller decrease was observed (23.8–24.5 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of pulp) in the 40 kHz treatments. The smallest global color difference (∆E) for the control was found in the 40 kHz treatment at 30 min through the entire shelf life (day 0 to 20). Ultrasound treatment offers a new strategy to improve and extend the shelf life of chilled gulupa pulp

Seasonal drought limits tree species across the Neotropics

Within the tropics, the species richness of tree communities is strongly and positively associated with precipitation. Previous research has suggested that this macroecological pattern is driven by the negative effect of water-stress on the physiological processes of most tree species. This process implies that the range limits of taxa are defined by their ability to occur under dry conditions, and thus in terms of species distributions it predicts a nested pattern of taxa distribution from wet to dry areas. However, this ‘dry-tolerance’ hypothesis has yet to be adequately tested at large spatial and taxonomic scales. Here, using a dataset of 531 inventory plots of closed canopy forest distributed across the Western Neotropics we investigated how precipitation, evaluated both as mean annual precipitation and as the maximum climatological water deficit, influences the distribution of tropical tree species, genera and families. We find that the distributions of tree taxa are indeed nested along precipitation gradients in the western Neotropics. Taxa tolerant to seasonal drought are disproportionally widespread across the precipitation gradient, with most reaching even the wettest climates sampled; however, most taxa analysed are restricted to wet areas. Our results suggest that the ‘dry tolerance’ hypothesis has broad applicability in the world's most species-rich forests. In addition, the large number of species restricted to wetter conditions strongly indicates that an increased frequency of drought could severely threaten biodiversity in this region. Overall, this study establishes a baseline for exploring how tropical forest tree composition may change in response to current and future environmental changes in this region

Type 2 diabetes and urinary incontinence: A scoping review and position statement

Context: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a highly prevalent and disabling condition among older adults and women with type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet it remains underrecognized in clinical guidelines. The global rise in diabetes and population aging amplifies its burden. Objective: This position statement aims to raise clinical awareness about urinary incontinence in individuals with diabetes and provide evidence-based recommendations for its management. A multidisciplinary consensus process identified key barriers, challenges, and care priorities to guide healthcare professionals in delivering more comprehensive and person-centered care. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to examine the clinical literature on urinary incontinence and its association with type 2 diabetes, following the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The Nominal Group Technique was also used to obtain insights from a multidisciplinary panel of experts, including endocrinologists, geriatricians, nurses, and pelvic floor specialists. Results: The review included 32 peer-reviewed articles and informed structured discussions on the epidemiology, clinical impact, treatment strategies, and lived experiences related to urinary incontinence in people with type 2 diabetes. The expert panel generated 57 ideas; 23 were considered critically important and incorporated into the final position statement. Conclusions: Urinary incontinence remains underdiagnosed and undertreated among older adults and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Contributing factors include fragmented care, limited provider awareness, and financial barriers. Multidisciplinary strategies focusing on metabolic control, patient education, and improved healthcare accessibility are essential for advancing the quality of care and reducing the burden of urinary incontinence in this vulnerable population

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Urinary KIM-1 is not correlated with gestational age among 5-year-old children born prematurely

BackgroundPreterm birth is associated with decreased nephron endowment. Currently, there is no reliable non-invasive biomarker to identify or monitor decreased nephron number in at-risk patients. Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a biomarker of acute and chronic renal injury. We measured urinary KIM-1 among a wide array of other potential biomarkers.MethodsWe conducted an ambispective cohort study of 5-years-old children born prematurely and healthy controls identified from city schools. Detailed anthropometrics, renal ultrasound dimensions, and biochemical parameters were measured. Urinary KIM-1 was measured using Luminex® technology. Age independent z-scores were calculated and compared. Spearman correlations were used for estimating the association between measures and KIM-1.ResultsWe enrolled 129 children, 97 (75.2%) born pre-term and 32 (24.8%) healthy controls born at full-term. Pre-term patients had significantly lower weight and body surface area than controls. Pre-term patients and controls did not differ in current age, sex, race, height, blood pressure, urinary sodium, fractional sodium excretion, serum creatinine and estimated GFR. All spearman correlation between KIM-1 and gestational age, renal and serum measurements were weak without statistical significanceConclusionIn 5-year-old children born prematurely, KIM-1 was not correlated with gestational age. Further prospective studies need to confirm this finding

Rare Variants Found in Clinical Gene Panels Illuminate the Genetic and Allelic Architecture of Orofacial Clefting

PURPOSE: Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common birth defects including cleft lip, cleft lip and palate, and cleft palate. OFCs have heterogeneous etiologies, complicating clinical diagnostics because it is not always apparent if the cause is Mendelian, environmental, or multifactorial. Sequencing is not currently performed for isolated or sporadic OFCs; therefore, we estimated the diagnostic yield for 418 genes in 841 cases and 294 controls. METHODS: We evaluated 418 genes using genome sequencing and curated variants to assess their pathogenicity using American College of Medical Genetics criteria. RESULTS: 9.04% of cases and 1.02% of controls had likely pathogenic variants (P \u3c .0001), which was almost exclusively driven by heterozygous variants in autosomal genes. Cleft palate (17.6%) and cleft lip and palate (9.09%) cases had the highest yield, whereas cleft lip cases had a 2.80% yield. Out of 39 genes with likely pathogenic variants, 9 genes, including CTNND1 and IRF6, accounted for more than half of the yield (4.64% of cases). Most variants (61.8%) were variants of uncertain significance , occurring more frequently in cases (P = .004), but no individual gene showed a significant excess of variants of uncertain significance. CONCLUSION: These results underscore the etiological heterogeneity of OFCs and suggest sequencing could reduce the diagnostic gap in OFCs

The human brainome: network analysis identifies \u3ci\u3eHSPA2\u3c/i\u3e as a novel Alzheimer’s disease target

Our hypothesis is that changes in gene and protein expression are crucial to the development of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Previously we examined how DNA alleles control downstream expression of RNA transcripts and how those relationships are changed in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. We have now examined how proteins are incorporated into networks in two separate series and evaluated our outputs in two different cell lines. Our pipeline included the following steps: (i) predicting expression quantitative trait loci; (ii) determining differential expression; (iii) analysing networks of transcript and peptide relationships; and (iv) validating effects in two separate cell lines. We performed all our analysis in two separate brain series to validate effects. Our two series included 345 samples in the first set (177 controls, 168 cases; age range 65–105; 58% female; KRONOSII cohort) and 409 samples in the replicate set (153 controls, 141 cases, 115 mild cognitive impairment; age range 66–107; 63% female; RUSH cohort). Our top target is heat shock protein family A member 2 (HSPA2), which was identified as a key driver in our two datasets. HSPA2 was validated in two cell lines, with overexpression driving further elevation of amyloid-B40 and amyloid-B42 levels in APP mutant cells, as well as significant elevation of microtubule associated protein tau and phosphorylated-tau in a modified neuroglioma line. This work further demonstrates that studying changes in gene and protein expression is crucial to understanding late onset disease and further nominates HSPA2 as a specific key regulator of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease processes