Angular momentum transport modeling: achievements of a gyrokinetic quasi-linear approach

QuaLiKiz, a model based on a local gyrokinetic eigenvalue solver is expanded to include momentum flux modeling in addition to heat and particle fluxes. Essential for accurate momentum flux predictions, the parallel asymmetrization of the eigenfunctions is successfully recovered by an analytical fluid model. This is tested against self-consistent gyrokinetic calculations and allows for a correct prediction of the ExB shear impact on the saturated potential amplitude by means of a mixing length rule. Hence, the effect of the ExB shear is recovered on all the transport channels including the induced residual stress. Including these additions, QuaLiKiz remains ~10 000 faster than non-linear gyrokinetic codes allowing for comparisons with experiments without resorting to high performance computing. The example is given of momentum pinch calculations in NBI modulation experiments

The prominent role of neutrophils during the initial phase of infection by Leishmania parasites.

Neutrophils are rapidly and massively recruited to the site of Leishmania inoculation, where they phagocytose the parasites, some of which are able to survive within these first host cells. Neutrophils can thus provide a transient safe shelter for the parasites, prior to their entry into macrophages where they will replicate. In addition, neutrophils release and synthesize rapidly several factors including cytokines and chemokines. The mechanism involved in their rapid recruitment to the site of parasite inoculation, as well as the putative consequences of their massive presence on the microenvironment of the focus of infection will be discussed in the context of the development of the Leishmania-specific immune response

Cardiac evaluation of candidates for kidney transplantation: value of exercise radionuclide angiocardiography

In view of the high incidence and mortality of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with kidney transplantation, a systematic cardiac evaluation was prospectively performed in 103 uraemic patients eligible for transplantation. After clinical examination, 28 patients with symptoms of CAD or diabetes mellitus were referred directly for coronary angiography, whereas the remaining 75 patients had rest and exercise radionuclide angiocardiography for evaluation of possible asymptomatic CAD. Among them, left ventricular ejection fraction was below 40% at rest or fell during exercise by at least 5 EF% in 12 patients; coronary angiography in nine showed CAD in four and hypertensive heart disease in five. In the remaining 63 (of 75) patients without severe resting left ventricular dysfunction or exercise ischaemia, the follow-up of 28 ±7 months revealed no clinical manifestation of CAD. Overall incidence of CAD in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients during a follow-up of 27 months after cardiac evaluation was 20 and 25% in non-diabetic and diabetic candidates for kidney transplantation, respectively (P = n.s.). Thus, clinical examination combined with exercise radionuclide angiocardiography in patients without signs or symptoms of heart disease had a high predictive accuracy for presence or absence of late manifestations of CAD. Exercise radionuclide angiocardiography is therefore a useful method for screening kidney transplantation candidates for asymptomatic CA

Pulmonary giant cells and their significance for the diagnosis of asphyxiation

This study was performed to prove whether the detection of polynuclear giant cells in lungs is useful for the diagnosis of asphyxiation due to throttling or strangulation. Therefore, lung specimens of 54 individuals with different natural and unnatural causes of death were investigated. In most lungs examined numerous alveolar macrophages with 1-2 nuclei were found. Polynuclear giant cells, which were arbitrarily defined as alveolar macrophages containing 3 or more nuclei, were observed in all groups investigated except in the cases of hypoxia due to covering the head with plastic bags. Apparent differences between the other groups in particular an increased number in cases of throttling or strangulation, could not be observed. Immunohistochemical investigations confirmed the hypothesis that the observed polynuclear giant cells were derived from alveolar macrophages. The immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferation marker antigen Ki 67 revealed no positive reaction in the nuclei of polynuclear giant cells indicating that these cells had not developed shortly before death by endomitosis as an adaptative change following reduction in oxygen supply. The results provide evidence that the detection of pulmonary polynuclear giant cells cannot be used as a practical indicator for death by asphyxiation due to throttling or strangulation

Enhanced cardiovascular pressor reactivity to norepinephrine in mild renal parenchymal disease

Enhanced cardiovascular pressor reactivity to norepinephrine in mild renal parenchymal disease. The cardiovascular pressor responsiveness to infused norepinephrine (NE) or angiotensin II (AII) as related to endogenous plasma NE or renin levels was assessed in 20 patients with mild parenchymal kidney disease (plasma creatinine 2.20 ± 0.58 mg/dl, ± SEM) and in 20 normal subjects approximately matched for sex and age. The two groups did not differ significantly in mean body weight, heart rate, blood volume, plasma electrolytes, exchangeable or urinary sodium, plasma aldosterone, epinephrine and renin levels, or AII threshold or pressor doses. Basal (including pre-infusion) plasma NE levels, the relationship between plasma NE measured during NE infusion and the corresponding NE infusion rate, as well as the total plasma clearance of NE (5.0 ± 0.8 vs. 5.5 ± 0.5 liter/min) also did not differ significantly between the two groups. In contrast, the threshold or pressor doses of infused NE decreased significantly in the patients with kidney disease (94 ± 11 vs. 134 ± 14 ng/kg/min and 21 ± 3 vs. 40 ± 7 ng/ kg/min; P < 0.05). Moreover, based on analysis of covariance, the individual pressor doses as related to basal plasma NE levels were distributed differently (P < 0.01) between the patients and normal subjects. These findings suggest that the kinetics of plasma NE are unaltered largely in early stage kidney disease. However, such patients tend to develop an exaggerated pressor responsiveness to NE in the presence of normal plasma NE levels. This disturbance may favor the development of hypertension.Stimulation de la réactivité pressive cardiovasculaire à la noradrénaline dans les néphropathies modérées. La réponse pressive cardiovasculaire après perfusion de noradrénaline (NE) ou d'angiotensine II (AII) en fonction des concentrations endogènes de NE ou de rénine plasmatiques a été étudiée chez 20 malades ayant une maladie rénale parenchymateuse modérée (créatininémie 2,20 ± 0,58 (± SEM) mg/dl) et chez 20 sujets normaux d'âge et de sexe voisins. Les deux groupes ne différaient pas significativement par le poids corporel moyen, le rythme cardiaque, le volume sanguin, les électrolytes plasmatiques, le sodium échangeable ou urinaire, l'aldostérone plasmatique, les niveaux d'adrénaline et de rénine, ou les doses seuils ou pressives d'All. Les concentrations plasmatiques de NE basales (y compris les valeurs avant perfusion), la relation entre la NE plasmatique mesurée pendant la perfusion de NE et la vitesse de perfusion de NE correspondante, ainsi que la clearance plasmatique totale de NE (5,0 ± 0,8 contre 5,5 ± 0,5 1/ mn) ne différaient également pas entre les deux groupes. A l'inverse, les doses seuils ou pressives de NE perfusées étaient significativement diminuées chez les malades ayant une néphropathie (94 ± 11 contre 134 ± 14 ng/kg/mn et 21 ± 3 contre 40 ± 7 ng/kg/mn; P < 0,05). En outre, par analyse de covariance, les doses pressives individuelles en fonction des concentrations plasmatiques basales de NE étaient distribuées différemment (P < 0,01) entre les malades et les sujets normaux. Ces résultats suggèrent que la cinétique de la NE plasmatique est en grande partie inchangée au cours des néphropathies au stade initial. Cependant les malades tendent à développer une réponse pressive exagérée à la NE en présence de concentrations plasmatiques de NE normales. Cette anomalie pourrait favoriser le développement d'une hypertension

Use of a stimulated echo sequence in the MRI study of the brain and spine

We describe in this paper how the STEAM sequence can be an efficient tool to obtain images free of flow artifacts in anatomical situation where the spin echo failed. The simplest way to eliminate flow artifacts is to exploit the dephasing induced by motion in magnetic field gradients and to reduce to zero the signal from moving tissues. This can be achieve by increasing the time elapsed between the spin excitation and the signal observed. Because of T2 relaxation, such an increase results in a signal decrease when the spin echo sequence is used. The STEAM sequence has the unique property that the time elapsed between observation and excitation can be increased without change in T2 value and so allows a good suppression of signals from the moving spins with short TE. Our results demonstrate that, although the stimulated echo intensity is only half that of a spin echo taken at the same read out time, the advantages of STEAM imaging can compensate for this partial loss in signal to noise in some particular clinical situations. The influence of mixing time on contrast has been evaluated using thoracic spine imaging and it has been shown that contrast between spine and CSF can be significantly improved (+ 60%) when TM is increased (from 17 ms to 50 ms). In the same time, the contrast between spine and fat issue decreases (40%). This last effect facilitates the adjustment of contrast window. Suppression of motion artifacts has first been evaluated with thoracic spine imaging, using a whole body coil. Suppression of artifacts was better than that obtained with a flow compensated spin echo sequence, especially in the case of kyphotic patients when a presaturation band was inefficient. In a second step suppression of motion artifacts has been evaluated from posterior fossa examination after injection of a paramagnetic contrast agent. The images obtained with the stimulated echo sequence show a dramatic reduction of signal from blood in the lateral sinus, and therefore an increase of quality by elimination of motion artifacts

Angular momentum transport modeling: achievements of a gyrokinetic quasi-linear approach

International audienceQuaLiKiz, a model based on a local gyrokinetic eigenvalue solver is expanded to include momentum flux modeling in addition to heat and particle fluxes. Essential for accurate momentum flux predictions, the parallel asymmetrization of the eigenfunctions is successfully recovered by an analytical fluid model. This is tested against self-consistent gyrokinetic calculations and allows for a correct prediction of the E×B shear impact on the saturated potential amplitude by means of a mixing length rule. Hence, the effect of the E×B shear is recovered on all the transport channels including the induced residual stress. Including these additions, QuaLiKiz remains ∼10 000 faster than non-linear gyrokinetic codes allowing for comparisons with experiments without resorting to high performance computing. The example is given of momentum pinch calculations in NBI modulation experiments

Implications of increasing Atlantic influence for Arctic microbial community structure

Increasing influence of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean has the potential to significantly impact regional water temperature and salinity. Here we use a rDNA barcoding approach to reveal how microbial communities are partitioned into distinct assemblages across a gradient of Atlantic-Polar Water influence in the Norwegian Sea. Data suggest that temperate adapted bacteria may replace cold water taxa under a future scenario of increasing Atlantic influence, but the eukaryote response is more complex. Some abundant eukaryotic cold water taxa could persist, while less abundant eukaryotic taxa may be replaced by warmer adapted temperate species. Furthermore, within lineages, different taxa display evidence of increased relative abundance in reaction to favourable conditions and we observed that rare microbial taxa are sample site rather than region specific. Our findings have significant implications for the vulnerability of polar associated community assemblages, which may change, impacting the ecosystem services they provide, under predicted increases of Atlantic mixing and warming within the Arctic region