Foraging Fidelity as a Recipe for a Long Life: Foraging Strategy and Longevity in Male Southern Elephant Seals

Identifying individual factors affecting life-span has long been of interest for biologists and demographers: how do some individuals manage to dodge the forces of mortality when the vast majority does not? Answering this question is not straightforward, partly because of the arduous task of accurately estimating longevity in wild animals, and of the statistical difficulties in correlating time-varying ecological covariables with a single number (time-to-event). Here we investigated the relationship between foraging strategy and life-span in an elusive and large marine predator: the Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina). Using teeth recovered from dead males on îles Kerguelen, Southern Ocean, we first aged specimens. Then we used stable isotopic measurements of carbon () in dentin to study the effect of foraging location on individual life-span. Using a joint change-point/survival modelling approach which enabled us to describe the ontogenetic trajectory of foraging, we unveiled how a stable foraging strategy developed early in life positively covaried with longevity in male Southern Elephant Seals. Coupled with an appropriate statistical analysis, stable isotopes have the potential to tackle ecological questions of long standing interest but whose answer has been hampered by logistic constraints

Jagged/Notch signalling is required for a subset of TGFβ1 responses in human kidney epithelial cells.

AbstractThe Jagged/Notch pathway has been implicated in TGFβ1 responses in epithelial cells in diabetic nephropathy and other fibrotic conditions in vivo. Here, we identify that Jagged/Notch signalling is required for a subset of TGFβ1-stimulated gene responses in human kidney epithelial cells in vitro. TGFβ1 treatment of HK-2 and RPTEC cells for 24h increased Jagged1 (a Notch ligand) and Hes1 (a Notch target) mRNA. This response was inhibited by co-incubation with Compound E, an inhibitor of γ-secretase (GSI), an enzyme required for Notch receptor cleavage and transcription regulation. In both cell types, TGFβ1-responsive genes associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition such as E-cadherin and vimentin were also affected by γ-secretase inhibition, but other TGFβ1 targets such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) were not. TGFβ1-induced changes in Jagged1 expression preceded EMT-associated gene changes, and co-incubation with GSI altered TGFβ1-induced changes in cell shape and cytoskeleton. Transfection of cells with the activated, cleaved form of Notch (NICD) triggered decreased expression of E-cadherin in the absence of TGFβ1, but did not affect α-smooth muscle actin expression, suggesting differential requirements for Notch signalling within the TGFβ1-responsive gene subset. Increased Jagged1 expression upon TGFβ1 exposure required Smad3 signalling, and was also regulated by PI3K and ERK. These data suggest that Jagged/Notch signalling is required for a subset of TGFβ1-responsive genes, and that complex signalling pathways are involved in the crosstalk between TGFβ1 and Notch cascades in kidney epithelia