<シンポジウム>科学研究の移り変わりと米国外交 : 1920年代から1950年代まで

WOS: 000274393100041PubMed ID: 19589584OBJECTIVES To examine, in a multicenter validation study designed under the guidance of the Uro-Oncology Society, the predictive accuracies of the 1998 and 2006 Kattan preoperative nomograms in Turkish patients. These 2 preoperative Kattan nomograms use preoperative parameters to estimate disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. METHODS A total of 1261 men with clinically localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy were included. The preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, biopsy Gleason score, clinical stage, number of positive and negative prostate biopsy cores, and postoperative recurrence status of all patients were studied. The predicted values using the Kattan nomograms and the observed values were compared. RESULTS The patient characteristics in the cohort were comparable with those of the cohorts used to create the Kattan nomograms. The 5-year probability of freedom from recurrence was 73% using Kaplan-Meier analysis and was similar to that of the 1998 Kattan nomogram cohort. However, the 10-year probability of freedom from recurrence was 67%, slightly lower than the same estimate from the 2006 nomogram cohort. The predicted values of recurrence using Kattan nomogram and the observed rates in our cohort were similar. The estimated concordance index value was 0.698 and 0.705 for 1998 and 2006 nomograms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The Kattan preoperative nomograms can be used with adequate success in Turkey, because the predicted and observed rates in our cohort were similar. Our results have demonstrated satisfactory concordance index values, suggesting that both the 1998 and the 2006 Kattan preoperative nomograms can safely be used in Turkish patients with similar accuracy. Although the 2006 nomogram had slightly better discrimination, the 1998 nomogram was a little more calibrated. UROLOGY 74: 1289-1295, 2009. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc

A Nutrigenetic approach to examine the relationship between vitamin B12 status and cardio-metabolic traits in multiple ethnic groups – findings from the GeNuIne Collaboration

Low vitamin B12 concentrations have been shown to be risk factors for metabolic traits in numerous observational studies; however, the relationship has remained inconsistent. It is possible that certain genotypes jointly contribute to obesity and vitamin B12 deficiency, and these may be modulated by dietary factors. The main objective of this review article was to summarize the effect of gene-nutrient interactions on vitamin B12 concentrations and cardio-metabolic disease risk factors using population-based studies from different ethnic groups from the GeNuIne (Gene-Nutrient Interactions) Collaboration. Interactions between vitamin B12-related SNPs and protein energy intake (%) on waist circumference (Pinteration=0.002) and body fat percentage (Pinteraction=0.034), were observed in Sri Lankan and Indonesian populations, respectively. In the study in Brazilian adolescents, the metabolic and vitamin B12 related SNPs showed a significant interaction with carbohydrate and protein intakes on oxidised low density lipoprotein cholesterol and homocysteine concentrations, respectively. In the Asian Indian population, an association between obesity-related SNPs and vitamin B12 concentrations (P = 0.018) was observed. In summary, these studies in multiple ethnic groups show that the association between genetically low vitamin B12 concentrations and metabolic outcomes may be modified by dietary intake. Further studies utilising larger sample sizes are needed to confirm or refute our findings

Padres Preparados, Jóvenes Saludables: intervention impact of a randomized controlled trial on Latino father and adolescent energy balance-related behaviors

Studies have shown associations among food and activity behaviors and body weight of Latino fathers and adolescents. However, few Latino father-focused interventions have been designed to improve energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) and weight status among early adolescents. Thus, this efficacy study aims to evaluate the Padres Preparados, Jóvenes Saludables (Padres) youth obesity prevention program for positive changes in EBRBs (fruit, vegetable, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), sweet/salty snack, and fast-food consumption, physical activity, and screen time) and weight status among low-income Latino fathers and adolescents (10-14 years). A two-arm (treatment versus delayed-treatment control group) randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 8 weekly experiential learning sessions (2.5 hours each) based on social cognitive theory. The sessions included food preparation, parenting skills, nutrition, and physical activity. The program was delivered to father-adolescent dyads (mothers were encouraged to attend) in trusted community-based settings in a Midwest metropolitan area between 2017 and 2019. In March 2020, in-person implementation was discontinued due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, which limited the sample size. Father/adolescent dyads were randomized to treatment or control group within each site. Surveys and measurements were completed by fathers and adolescents to assess changes in food and activity behaviors from baseline to post-intervention. Adolescents also completed 24-hour dietary recall interviews at baseline and post-intervention. Intervention effects were assessed using linear regression mixed models adjusted for covariates and accounting for clustering of participants within sites. Data from 147 father/adolescent dyads who completed at least the baseline data collection were used. No significant differences were observed for baseline to post-intervention changes in adolescents’ and fathers’ EBRBs or weight status between treatment and control groups. Fathers’ SSB and fast food intakes were not statistically significant (p = 0.067 and p = 0.090, respectively). The Padres program resulted in no significant improvements in adolescent and father EBRBs and weight status. Additional Latino father-focused interventions are needed to examine intervention effects on EBRBs among Latino adolescents.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14284-

Early-infantile onset epilepsy and developmental delay caused by bi-allelic GAD1 variants

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the most abundant amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ∼90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. Disruption of GAD1 results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, and as Gad1−/− mice die neonatally of severe cleft palate, it has not been possible to determine any potential neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, little is known about the consequence of GAD1 disruption in humans. Here we present six affected individuals from six unrelated families, carrying bi-allelic GAD1 variants, presenting with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by early-infantile onset epilepsy and hypotonia with additional variable non-CNS manifestations such as skeletal abnormalities, dysmorphic features and cleft palate. Our findings highlight an important role for GAD1 in seizure induction, neuronal and extraneuronal development, and introduce GAD1 as a new gene associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy

Bio-Based Succinate Production from Arundo donax Hydrolysate with the New Natural Succinic Acid-Producing Strain Basfia succiniciproducens BPP7

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Metallothionein – overexpression as a highly significant prognostic factor in melanoma: a prospective study on 1270 patients

Metallothioneins (MT) are ubiquitous, intracellular small proteins with high affinity for heavy metal ions. In the last decades, it was shown that MT overexpression in a variety of cancers is associated with resistance to anticancer drugs and is combined with a poor prognosis. In this prospective study, we examined the role of MT overexpression in melanoma patients as a prognostic factor for progression and survival. Between 1993 and 2004, 3386 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma were investigated by using a monoclonal antibody against MT on routinely fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. In all, 1270 patients could be followed up for further statistical analysis (Fisher's exact test, Mantel–Haenszel χ2 test, Kaplan–Meier curves). The MT data of disease-free interval and overall survival were compared univariately and multivariately in Cox regression analysis. Immunohistochemical overexpression of MT in tumour cells of patients with primary melanoma (310 of 1270; 24.4%) was associated with a higher risk for progression (117 of 167; 70.1%) and reduced survival (80 of 110; 72.7%) of the disease (P<0.0001). Similarly, Kaplan–Meier curves gave highly significant disadvantages for the MT-positive group. Univariate analysis (relative risk 7.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2–10.2; P<0.0001 for progression; relative risk 7.1; 95% CI 4.7–10.9; P<0.0001 for survival), as well as multivariate analysis with other prognostic markers resulted in MT overexpression as a highly significant and independent factor for prognosis in primary melanoma

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised