Chamlay (1650-1719), le stratège oublié de Louis XIV

Personnage atypique, Chamlay a commencé sa carrière comme maréchal général des logis pendant la guerre de Hollande. Rapidement il réussit à se faire remarquer des plus grands généraux de son temps, par ses talents géographiques et logistiques, ce qui lui permit de s’imposer, dès 1678, comme un collaborateur indispensable de Louvois et du roi. Stratège à la pensée très rationnelle, il joua un rôle décisif dans le ravage du Palatinat en 1688-1689 et dans la mise en place de la stratégie de cabinet. À la mort de Louvois en 1691 et jusqu’en 1709, Chamlay devint le principal conseiller militaire du roi. Cette position unique lui permit également d’étoffer ses fonctions. Ainsi, il participa à l’élaboration d’œuvres historiques avec les historiographes du roi Racine et Boileau ; il s’intéressa à la propagande et il mena des missions diplomatiques souvent confidentielles. Pragmatique, il chercha aussi à réformer l’outil militaire français, puis en vint à proposer des projets de réforme fiscale, en jouant un rôle décisif dans l’élaboration de la capitation de 1695.Chamlay (1650-1719), the forgotten strategist of Louis XIV  An atypical figure, Chamlay began his career as the quartermaster general during the war in Holland. Rapidly he succeeded in making himself one of the greatest generals of his time because of his geographic and logistical talents, which enabled him to become, in 1678, an indispensable collaborator of Louvois and the King.  A strategist of very rational thinking, he played a decisive role in the devastation of the Palatinate in 1688-1689 and in the implementation of the government’s strategy. On the death of Louvois in 1691 and until 1709, Chamlay became the principal military adviser to the king. This unique position also allowed him to expand his functions. Thus, he participated in the development of historic works with the historiographers of the king, Racine and Boileau; he became interested in propaganda and he led, often confidential, diplomatic missions. A pragmatist, he also sought to reform the French military instrument, then went on to propose tax reform projects, playing a decisive role in the development of the head tax of 1695

Barriers and facilitators associated with the use of mental health services among immigrant students in high-income countries: a scoping review protocol

Background: While the mental health of immigrants is a growing issue that is attracting increasing interest from researchers, the same cannot be said for the mental health of immigrant students especially for international students. Indeed, the mental health of immigrant students and their use of mental health services are still poorly documented despite the significant increase in the number of these students in many high-income countries. This scoping review aims to providing an overview and exploring gaps in existing research regarding access to mental health care among immigrant students by identifying barriers and facilitators associated with the use of mental health services in high-income countries. Methods: With the help of a professional librarian, we will develop a search strategy including several keywords such as mental health, mental illness, immigrant, students, immigrant students, or international students and access to care or use of mental health services. The following electronic databases will be searched (from their inception onwards): MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, Education Source, and Embase. Studies addressing access to and use of mental health care conducted on immigrant students (adolescent and above) in high-income countries will be included. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g., frequencies) and qualitative (e.g., content and thematic analysis) methods. Discussion: The purpose of this scoping review is to better map the literature on the mental health of immigrant students and their use of mental health care services. In doing so, we aim to identify barriers and facilitators to access and use of mental health care. Identifying barriers and facilitators of mental health services by immigrant students will support the development of appropriate interventions that can help improve access and use of mental health services by immigrant students in high-income countries

Prolonged Grief Related to COVID-19 Deaths: Do We Have to Fear a Steep Rise in Traumatic and Disenfranchised Griefs?

The circumstances of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related deaths embed multiple traumatic characteristics, alongside several external factors that can disenfranchise individual grief. In this context, severe forms of traumatic distress, guilt, somatization, regret, anger, and unspecific symptoms not yet included in prolonged grief disorder (PGD) criteria could emerge. This article (a) analyzes factors related to bereavement in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; (b) proposes avenues for meaning-making practices to facilitate individual and collective mourning process; and (c) invites clinicians to pay attention to the traumatic characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths adopting a holistic approach of PGD clinical manifestations, as well as in evaluation and treatment of cases

Cyberbullying victimization and substance use among Quebec high schools students : the mediating role of psychological distress

Cyberbullying has become a significant public health issue among youth and is associated with numerous mental health problems. While the majority of studies explored its mental consequences using cross-sectional design, this article aims to investigate direct and indirect links between cybervictimization, psychological distress and substance use among youth, using a longitudinal design. From the representative sample of the Quebec Youth Romantic Relationships Survey, 1 540 students aged 14-20 years participated in 3 Waves. A mediated model was used to investigate direct and indirect links between cybervictimization, controlling for exposure to interparental violence, measured at Wave 1, psychological distress at Wave 2, and substance use at Wave 3 (alcohol, marijuana and other drugs). Findings revealed that cyberbullying victims (18.14%, 10.03%, 1.95% respectively for alcohol, cannabis and other drugs) were more likely to consume substances than non-victims (11.37%, 4.95%, 0.8%). They also show that cybervictimization (β = 1.41, p < .001), exposure to interparental violence (β = .08, p < .001) and being a girl (β = -3.78, p < .001) were significantly associated to psychological distress. Psychological distress was found to partially mediate the association between cyberbullying victimization and later substance use. By highlighting the role of psychological distress in the association between cyberbullying and substance use, these results are relevant for prevention and treatment for victims. Indeed, findings from this study underline the need to focus primarily on psychological distress among cyberbullying victims, with an emphasis on gender and possible past victimizations such as exposure to interparental violence

‘The most difficult financial matter that has ever presented itself’: paper money and the financing of warfare under Louis XIV

Based on an extensive survey of French primary sources and a discussion of the recent literature on fiscal policy in France and Europe during Louis XIV’s wars, this article revisits the rationale behind the first experiment with paper money undertaken by finance minister Michel Chamillart, comparing it to other belligerents’ strategies, in particular England’s, to adjust their monetary regime to the challenges of funding long wars of attrition. The article shows how concerns about economic activity, coinage, and the need to finance the war deficit led to a series of debasements of the French currency, the establishment of a bank in the form of a Caisse des emprunts and the introduction of mint bills, which became legal tender and caused the first experience of fiat money inflation in history. Whereas Chamillart’s personal shortcomings have been recently suggested as the cause of Louis XIV’s humbling in the War of the Spanish Succession, we argue on the contrary that the introduction of paper money in 1704 was key to the capacity of France to sustain its military effort, but that a succession of military defeats against a more powerful coalition led to inflation. We also argue that the introduction of paper money saved the Caisse des emprunts and its bonds which helped sustain the war effort up until the peace. By situating the use of paper money within the broader question of the exercise of power in the absolute monarchy, this article examines the formation of fiscal policy, paying attention to the ways in which government sought advice from experts. It concludes by calling for further studies on policy- and decision-making under Louis XIV

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of depression in children and adolescents after exposure to trauma

Background Depression is often reported as co-occurring with post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents, but its prevalence within trauma-exposed child and adolescent samples is not well understood. Methods Our meta-analyses addressed two questions: I. What is the prevalence of depression (either based on structured interview or cut-off on a self-report measure) in children and adolescents after exposure to trauma? II. Does trauma exposure increase the severity or rates of depression comparative to another comparison group of children and adolescents with milder exposure or no exposure to trauma? Results Fifty-six studies reported depression prevalence. A random effects meta-analysis suggested that 24.2% [95% CI 20.6 – 28.0] of children and adolescents exposed to a traumatic event met criteria for depression. Our second meta-analysis across 30 studies found that the effect of trauma exposure (relative to unexposed or less exposed children and adolescents) on depression scores was medium in size (d = 0.51, 95% CI 0.41 – 0.61). The odds of a diagnosis of depression were 2.6 times greater [95% CI 2.0 – 3.3] for children and adolescents exposed to trauma as compared to those unexposed or less exposed. Participants exposed to interpersonal violence (IPV) had a higher prevalence and level of depression compared with those exposed to non-IPV trauma. Limitations Results should be interpreted with caution due to high levels of heterogeneity. Conclusion Depression in trauma-exposed children and adolescents is a common response to trauma that is not solely reflective of pre-traumatic difficulties. Post-traumatic depression merits serious consideration in trauma-exposed children and adolescents

A longitudinal examination of the relationship between trauma-related cognitive factors and internalising and externalising psychopathology in physically injured children

Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) highlight maladaptive posttrauma appraisals, trauma memory qualities, and coping strategies, such as rumination or thought suppression, as key processes that maintain PTSD symptoms. Anxiety, depression and externalising symptoms can also present in children in the aftermath of trauma, yet there has been little empirical investigation of the potential relevance of posttrauma cognitive processes for such difficulties. Here, we examined whether: a) acute maladaptive cognitive processes (specifically, maladaptive appraisals, memory qualities, and cognitive coping) were associated with symptoms of PTSD, internalising, and externalising at 1-month posttrauma (T1); and b) changes in these cognitive processes predicted symptom change at a follow-up assessment 6 months later (T2). We recruited 132 6–13 year old children and their parents from emergency departments following the child’s experience of an acute trauma. Children self-reported on their maladaptive appraisals, trauma-memory and cognitive coping strategies, along with symptoms of PTSD, anxiety and depression. Parents also rated children’s internalising and externalising symptoms. We found each cognitive process to be robustly associated with PTSD and non-PTSD internalising symptoms at T1, and change in each predicted change in symptoms to T2. Maladaptive appraisals and cognitive coping were unique predictors of children’s posttrauma internalising. Effects were partially retained even controlling for co-occurring PTSD symptoms. There was less evidence that trauma-specific cognitive processes were associated with externalising symptoms. Findings suggest aspects of cognitive models of PTSD are applicable to broader posttrauma psychopathology, and have implications for how we understand and target children’s posttrauma psychological adjustment

Adolescents' involvement in cyber bullying and perceptions of school: the importance of perceived peer acceptance for female adolescents

Young people are spending increasing amounts of time using digital technology and, as such, are at great risk of being involved in cyber bullying as a victim, bully, or bully/victim. Despite cyber bullying typically occurring outside the school environment, the impact of being involved in cyber bullying is likely to spill over to school. Fully 285 11- to 15-year-olds (125 male and 160 female, M age = 12.19 years, SD = 1.03) completed measures of cyber bullying involvement, self-esteem, trust, perceived peer acceptance, and perceptions of the value of learning and the importance of school. For young women, involvement in cyber bullying as a victim, bully, or bully/victim negatively predicted perceptions of learning and school, and perceived peer acceptance mediated this relationship. The results indicated that involvement in cyber bullying negatively predicted perceived peer acceptance which, in turn, positively predicted perceptions of learning and school. For young men, fulfilling the bully/victim role negatively predicted perceptions of learning and school. Consequently, for young women in particular, involvement in cyber bullying spills over to impact perceptions of learning. The findings of the current study highlight how stressors external to the school environment can adversely impact young women's perceptions of school and also have implications for the development of interventions designed to ameliorate the effects of cyber bullying