Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Trajetórias da Educomunicação nas Políticas Públicas e a Formação de seus Profissionais

Esta obra é composta com os trabalhos apresentados no primeiro subtema, TRAJETÓRIA – Educação para a Comunicação como Política pública, nas perspectivas da Educomunicação e da Mídia-Educação, do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação. Os artigos pretendem propiciar trocas de informações e produzir reflexões com os leitores sobre os caminhos percorridos, e ainda a percorrer, tendo como meta a expansão e a legitimação das práticas educomunicativas e/ou mídia-educativas como política pública para o atendimento à formação de crianças, adolescentes, jovens e adultos, no Brasil e no mundo

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Nutritive value, milk production and dynamics litter in Megathyrsus maximus pastures

Para a composição da tese foram preparados dois capítulos que consistiram de estudos das características relacionadas a produção de forragem, valor nutritivo e eficiência de uso da forragem e desempenho de vacas leiteiras, bem como, avaliações sobre a deposição e composição da serapilheira e sua decomposição em pastagens das cultivares BRS Zuri e BRS Quênia, sob lotação rotativa. O experimento foi conduzido por dois verões agrostológicos (2016-2017 e 2017-2018). Capítulo 1 - Objetivou-se avaliar a massa seca de forragem, a eficiência de uso e o valor nutritivo da forragem, a frequência e perímetro de touceiras, taxa de lotação, produção e composição do leite de vacas mestiças em pastos de BRS Zuri e BRS Quênia sob lotação rotativa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados com medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo os dois tratamentos as cultivares de Megathyrsus maximus (BRS Zuri e BRS Quênia) com três repetições. Não houve efeito das cultivares sobre a massa seca total e a eficiência de uso de forragem (EUF) em nenhum dos anos, porém a redução nas alturas em pré-pastejo no ano 1 proporcionou ganhos relevantes na EUF variando de 46,9 para 58,9%. A cultivar BRS Quênia superou a BRS Zuri quanto aos teores de PB (18,4 vs. 16,8%) no período 3 e de DIVMS (61,2 vs. 57,5%) no período 2. Os teores de FDN variaram ao longo dos períodos sendo que nos dois anos os maiores valores coincidiram com o florescimento das cultivares. Em ambos os anos a maior frequência de touceiras associado ao menor perímetro foram registrados para a cultivar BRS Quênia. A taxa de lotação foi influenciada pela interação entre cultivar x período, sendo que em grande parte do experimento a BRS Quênia se destacou alcançando valor máximo de 12,2 UA ha-1 no segundo período do ano 1. A produção diária de leite por vaca não variou entre as cultivares com média de 11,8 L dia-1 para o ano 1 e 13,7 L dia-1 para o ano 2, mas houve efeito das mesmas sobre a produção de leite por área no segundo ano, sendo que a BRS Quênia superou a BRS Zuri em 15,6 L ha-1dia-1 (129,6 vs. 114,0 L ha-1dia-1). Os teores de proteína do leite foram influenciados pelos períodos de avaliação nos dois anos, observando maiores valores nos períodos mais próximos ao início da estação seca do ano. Capítulo 2 – Objetivou-se avaliar as perdas de forragem verde, a produção e a taxa de deposição de serrapilheira, bem como, a composição e decomposição de serrapilheira em pastos de BRS Zuri e BRS Quênia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados com três repetições e medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo os dois tratamentos as cultivares de Megathyrsus maximus (BRS Zuri e BRS Quênia). A perda de forragem total no primeiro ano foi superior para a cultivar BRS Quênia contando com grande participação da fração colmo. Já no segundo ano, foi registrado para a BRS Zuri maior perda de forragem total com maior incremento de folhas (63,2 vs. 57,4 kg ha-1). Houve efeito da interação cultivar x período para a perda de colmo no primeiro ano, sendo que a cultivar BRS Quênia apresentou os maiores valores no segundo período comparado a BRS Zuri (243,0 vs. 113,2 kg ha-1). Houve uma redução acentuada nas taxas de deposição de serrapilheira do primeiro para o segundo ano de avaliação, sendo que no ano 1 os maiores valores registrados foram no período 2 e a BRS Zuri superou a BRS Quênia (28,2 vs. 13,6 kg ha-1dia-1). As taxas de decomposição (k) registradas para a perda de biomassa de serrapilheira da cultivar BRS Zuri nos dois anos de avaliação foram superiores àquelas verificadas para a BRS Quênia. No primeiro ano, os teores de lignina estabilizaram aos 62 dias com um valor de 287,43 g lignina kg-1 serrapilheira. Palavras-chave: Decomposição. Forragem. Serrapilheira.These thesis was prepared in two chapters that evaluated the forage production, nutritional value and forage efficiency and performance of dairy cows, as well as evaluations of litter deposition and composition and its decomposition in pastures of cultivars BRS Zuri and BRS Quenia, under rotating stocking. The experiment was conducted by two agrostological summers (2016- 2017 and 2017-2018). Chapter 1 - The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage dry mass, the efficiency of use and the nutritive value of the forage, the frequency and perimeter of tussocks, stocking rate, milk production and composition of BRS Zuri and BRS Quenia pastures under rotating stocking. The experimental design used was the randomized complete blocks with three replications and repeated measures in time, with two cultivars of Megathyrsus maximus (BRS Zuri and BRS Quenia). There was no effect of cultivars on total dry mass and forage use efficiency (FUE) in any of the years, however, the reduction in pre-grazing heights in year 1 provided significant gains in the FUE ranging from 46.9 to 58.9%. The BRS Quenia was higher than BRS Zuri as the CP content (18.4 vs. 16.8%) during the period 3 and IVDMD (61.2 vs. 57.5%) in period 2. The NDF contents varied over the periods, and in the two years presented higher in times that coincided with the flowering of the cultivars. The highest frequency associated with the smaller perimeter of tussocks for the two years were recorded for the cultivar BRS Quenia. The stocking rate was influenced by the interaction between cultivar x periods, and in most of the experiment the BRS Quenia was superior with a maximum value of 12.2 UA ha-1 in the second period of year 1. Daily milk yield per cow did not vary between cultivars with an average of 11.8 L day-1 for year 1 and 13.7 L day-1 for year 2, but there was an effect on milk yield per area in the second year, with BRS Quenia exceeding BRS Zuri by 15.6 L ha-1day-1 (129.6 vs. 114.0 L ha-1day-1). The milk protein contents were influenced by the periods in the two years, observing higher values in the periods closer to the beginning of the dry season of the year. Chapter 2 - The objective of this study was to evaluate green forage losses, litter yield and litter deposition, as well as litter composition and decomposition in BRS Zuri and BRS Quenia pastures. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks with three replications and repeated measures in time, with two treatments the cultivars of Megathyrsus maximus (BRS Zuri and BRS Quenia). The total forage loss in the first year was higher for the cultivar BRS Quenia with a large participation of the stem fraction. In the second year, BRS Zuri recorded greater loss of total forage with greater leaf increment (63.2 vs. 57.4 kg ha-1). There was an effect of cultivar x period interaction for stem loss in the first year, and cultivar BRS Quenia presented the highest values in the second period compared to BRS Zuri (243.0 vs. 113.2 kg ha-1). There was a reduction in litter deposition rates from the first to the second year of evaluation, and in year 1 the highest values were in period 2 and BRS Zuri surpassed BRS Quenia (28.2 vs. 13.6 kg ha-1day-1). The decomposition rates (k) recorded for the biomass loss of BRS Zuri litter in the two years of evaluation were higher than those verified for BRS Quenia. In the first year, lignin contents stabilized at 62 days with a value of 287.43 g lignin kg-1 litter. Keywords: Decomposion. Forage. Litter

Mixed pasture signal grass and forage peanut: establishment, composition and decomposition of litter

O uso de leguminosas forrageiras associadas a gramíneas tem sido indicado pelo aumento do teor proteico do pasto e da ciclagem de nutrientes. Assim, foram executados dois experimentos, onde no experimento 1 objetivou-se avaliar a massa seca, a interceptação luminosa, o índice de área foliar, a composição botânica e química e a serrapilheira existente, em pastos consorciados de capim-braquiária (Urochloa decumbens) e amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) com seis tratamentos: cinco espaçamentos de linhas de plantio da leguminosa (40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 cm) e um monocultivo de capim-braquiária. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A MBPRE foi maior no espaçamento de 70 cm em relação aquele de 50 cm. A %APRE e a %APOS foram maiores nos espaçamentos de 50 cm. Para a IL, foi detectado efeito apenas de ciclos de pastejo, com valores médios de 92,1 e 81,0%, para os ciclos 1 e 2, respectivamente. As médias de IAF PRE, no ciclo 1, foram superiores as obtidas no ciclo 2, em todos os espaçamentos de amendoim forrageiro e no monocultivo de capim-braquiária, exceto no espaçamento com 70 cm, cuja média foi semelhante ao do ciclo 2. As massas de serrapilheira foram afetadas somente pelos espaçamentos/monocultivo e a serrapilheira no monocultivo apresentou mais baixas concentrações de N e NIDA e mais alta de FDN em relação a serrapilheira dos pastos consorciados. O espaçamento de 50 cm resultou em maiores proporções de amendoim forrageiro no dossel. No experimento 2, objetivou-se avaliar a composição química e as taxas de decomposição de cinco composições de capim-braquiária:amendoim forrageiro (100:00, 75:25, 50:50, 25;75 e 00:100%) em diferentes períodos de incubação (0; 4; 8; 16; 64, 128 e 256 dias). O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A biomassa remanescente de serrapilheira foi influenciada pela interação de diferentes composições e tempos, sendo que as perdas de biomassa foram mais pronunciadas nos períodos finais de incubação, e a taxa de decomposição (k), para as composições com 75 e 100% de amendoim forrageiro, foram semelhantes. A qualidade e a taxa de decomposição de serrapilheira de capim-braquiária e amendoim-forrageiro variam com a composição do material e o tempo de incubação, sendo que a serrapilheira contendo até 50% de amendoim forrageiro apresentam taxas de decomposição mais altas.The use of forage legumes associated with grasses has been indicated by the increased protein content of pasture and nutrient cycling. Therefore, we executed two experiments where the experiment 1 objectified to evaluate the dry mass, light interception, leaf area index, the botanical and chemical composition and the existing litter in mixed pasture of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) with six treatments: Five spacing of the legume crop rows (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 cm) and a monoculture of signal grass The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The MBPRE was higher spacing of 70 cm from one 50 cm. The APRE% and was higher in% at 50 cm spacings. For IL, variation was detected just grazing cycles, with mean values of 92.1 and 81.0% for cycles 1 and 2, respectively. The average IAF PRE, in cycle 1, the higher were obtained in cycle 2 in all forage peanut spacings and signal grass monoculture, except in spacing of 70 cm, with an average similar to the cycle 2. litter mass were affected only by spacing / monoculture and litter in monoculture presented lower concentrations of N and NIDA and higher NDF regarding litter of mixed pasture. The spacing of 50 cm resulted in higher forage peanut proportions in the canopy. In experiment 2, objectified to evaluate the chemical composition and decomposition rates five signal grass compositions: forage peanut (100: 00, 75:25, 50:50, 25, 75 and 00: 100%) in different incubation times (0, 4, 8, 16, 64, 128 and 256 days). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The remaining biomass litter was influenced by the interaction of different compositions and times, and the loss of biomass were more pronounced in the final period of incubation, and the rate of decomposition (k) for compositions 75 and 100% of feed peanuts they were similar. The quality and litter decomposition rate signal grass and forage peanut- vary with the material composition and time of incubation, and the litter containing up to 50% of forage peanut have higher decomposition rates.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Efeito da dieta sobre os parâmetros ruminais e microbiota ruminal: revisão: Efeito da dieta sobre a fermentação ruminal

Ruminants are grazing animals with the ability to utilize forage sources for maintenance, growth, reproduction and production. They possess the rumen, a fermentation chamber composed of high diversity of microorganisms with the ability for degrading fiber or starch rich food and other types of non-fibrous carbohydrates, since they contain enzymes that act by breaking up bonds between molecules, making the substrate present in the food available. This study was developed aiming at reviewing the literature on how different diets affect ruminal parameters as well as the rumen ecology. Thus, the seeking for the understanding on how different diets can affect ruminal characteristics is found to be important, since it makes possible manipulating the diet up to a threshold, without causing any metabolic disturbance to animals and then maximizing the performance. This practice may contribute to minimize losses, maximize the food fermentation process and the absorption of fermentation products, which can be converted into flesh and milk. Findings from this study show that the microbial population and the final rumen fermentation products are directly affected by the animal diet. Therefore, manipulating diets may make possible maximizing the animal productive efficiency, as well as the optimization of the use of nutrients, to maximize the animal production.Los rumiantes son animales de pastoreo con la capacidad de utilizar fuentes de forraje para mantenimiento, crecimiento, reproducción y producción. Poseen el rumen, una cámara de fermentación compuesta por alta diversidad de microorganismos con capacidad para degradar alimentos ricos en fibra o almidón y otro tipo de carbohidratos no fibrosos, ya que contienen enzimas que actúan rompiendo enlaces entre moléculas, haciendo presente el sustrato. en la comida disponible. Este estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de revisar la literatura sobre cómo las diferentes dietas afectan los parámetros ruminales, así como la ecología del rumen. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda de la comprensión de cómo las diferentes dietas pueden afectar las características ruminales se considera importante, ya que permite manipular la dieta hasta un umbral, sin causar ninguna alteración metabólica a los animales y luego maximizar el rendimiento. Esta práctica puede contribuir a minimizar las pérdidas, maximizar el proceso de fermentación de los alimentos y la absorción de los productos de fermentación, que pueden convertirse en carne y leche. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que la población microbiana y los productos finales de la fermentación ruminal se ven directamente afectados por la dieta animal. La manipulación de las dietas puede permitir maximizar la eficiencia productiva, así como la optimización del uso de nutrientes, maximizar la producción animal.Os ruminantes são animais que pastam com a capacidade de usar fontes de forragem para manutenção, crescimento, reprodução e produção. Possuem o rúmen, câmara de fermentação composta por uma grande diversidade de microrganismos com capacidade de degradar alimentos ricos em fibra ou amido e outros tipos de carboidratos não fibrosos, pois contêm enzimas que atuam quebrando ligações entre moléculas, formando o substrato presente. na comida disponível. Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de revisar a literatura sobre como diferentes dietas afetam os parâmetros ruminais, bem como a ecologia do rúmen. Portanto, a busca pelo entendimento de como diferentes dietas podem afetar as características ruminais é considerada importante, pois permite manipular a dieta até um limite, sem causar nenhuma alteração metabólica aos animais e, assim, maximizar o desempenho. Essa prática pode ajudar a minimizar perdas, maximizar o processo de fermentação dos alimentos e a absorção dos produtos da fermentação, que podem ser convertidos em carne e leite. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a população microbiana e os produtos finais da fermentação ruminal são diretamente afetados pela dieta dos animais. A manipulação das dietas pode permitir maximizar a eficiência produtiva, bem como a otimização do uso de nutrientes, para maximizar a produção animal

Safflower Oil (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Intake Increases Total Cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol Levels in an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome

<div><p>Abstract Background: Overweight has been considered an important public health problem. To reverse this situation, various types of treatment are proposed. The safflower oil (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been used in the prevention/treatment of obesity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of this oil in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. Methods: Male Wistar rats initially received a highly palatable (HP) diet for ten weeks for validation of a metabolic syndrome model. Following confirmation, the animals were treated with a HP diet and soybean oil (HPSO) or safflower oil (HPSA) supplementation (1.0 mL/1000 g of animal weight). At the end of the experiment, the body composition, lipid profile and blood glucose levels of the animals were assessed. Student t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: In the first stage (induction of metabolic syndrome), the animals given the HP diet showed gain weight (p < 0.001), visceral adiposity (p = 0.001), and significantly higher levels of blood glucose (p = 0.001) and triglycerides (p = 0.03) than those of the control group. Also, there was a difference in liver weight (p = 0.01). These results demonstrate that the HP diet administration is an effective model for the experimental metabolic syndrome study. In the second stage, the animals of the HPSA group showed increased total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001) levels. Conclusion: Under the referred experimental conditions, the use of safflower oil can cause possible deleterious effects on the lipid profile in a metabolic syndrome experimental model.</p></div

SWARD STRUCTURE AND TILLER CHARACTERISTICS IN PIATÃ GRASS PASTURES MANAGED WITH VARIABLE NITROGEN DOSES AND DEFERMENT PERIODS

<p></p><p>Abstract This study was conducted from Feb. 25th, 2012 to Jul. 1st, 2012 to recommend nitrogen doses and deferment periods that result in deferred Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (piatã grass) pastures with structural characteristics suitable for animal consumption. Combinations were evaluated between deferment periods and nitrogen fertilization conditions. The deferment periods were long (127 days) and short (79 days). Nitrogen doses were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg/ha. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. The leaf area index (LAI) and light interception (LI) increased with the application of nitrogen. In the absence or at a small nitrogen dose, pasture deferred for short periods presented lower LAI and LI than pasture managed with long deferment period. The nitrogen only influenced the density of vegetative basal tillers. The lower deferment period resulted in a greater number of basal tillers and vegetative air, as well as fewer reproductive basal tillers. Nitrogen increased the length of the leaf blade and the vegetative tiller stem. Long deferral period resulted in longer stem and leaf blade and a larger number of dead leaves. Piatã grass can be deferred for 80 days, with application of 80 kg/ha of nitrogen at the beginning of the deferment period.</p><p></p

Piata palisade grass deferred with two distinct initial heights: luminous environment and tillering dynamics

The study was carried out between March 1st and July 1st, 2011, in order to evaluate the tillering pattern of the deferred Piata palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata). Three sward heights were evaluated in the beginning of the period of deferment: lower (20 cm), medium (30 cm) and higher (40 cm). The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with three replications. The Piata palisade grass deferred with low initial height presented lower leaf area index, lower light interception and higher leaf angle in relation to the ones deferred with medium and high heights. The advance in the period of deferment increased the leaf area index and the light interception by the sward, in a way that the highest values were recorded in the periods from 91 and 120 days. The leaf angle reduced linearly with the advance in the period of deferment. For basal and aerial tillers, the rates of appearance, mortality and survival of tillers, as well as the balance between appearance and mortality, and the tiller density stability index were not affected by the initial height of the sward. The stability index of the tiller density was lower in the period from 1 to 30 days of deferment in relation to the periods from 31 to 60, from 61 to 90 and from 91 to 120 days. The variation of the initial height of the Piata palisade grass does not influence the tiller density dynamics during the period of deferment. The reduction of the initial height of the Piata palisade grass improves the luminous environment inside the sward, but it does not stimulate the grass tillering during the period of deferment