The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2e: description and evaluation of modifications and new features

Water – Global Assessment and Prognosis (WaterGAP) is a modelling approach for quantifying water resources and water use for all land areas of the Earth that has served science and society since 1996. In this paper, the refinements, new algorithms and new data of the most recent model version v2.2e are described, together with a thorough evaluation of simulated water use, streamflow and total water storage anomaly against observation data. WaterGAP v2.2e improves the handling of inland sinks and now excludes not only large but also small man-made reservoirs when simulating naturalized conditions. The reservoir and non-irrigation water use data were updated. In addition, the model was calibrated against an updated and extended dataset of streamflow observations at 1509 gauging stations. The model can now be started using pre-scribed water storages and other conditions, which facilitates data assimilation as well as near real-time monitoring and forecast simulations. For specific applications, the model can consider the output of a glacier model, approximate the effect of rising CO2 concentrations on evapotranspiration or calculate the water temperature in rivers. In the paper, the publicly available standard model output is described and caveats of the model version are provided alongside the description of the model setup in the ISIMIP3 framework

Evaluación de aislamientos de Trichoderma spp. contra el patógeno Colletotrichum theobromicola causante de la antracnosis del olivo

PosterLa antracnosis del olivo causada por Colletotrichum spp es una de las principales enfermedades del olivo la cual genera pérdidas elevadas debido a la pudrición del fruto y la reducción en la calidad del aceite C theobromicola es una de las especies más frecuente en fruto a cosecha Trichoderma spp es el antagonista más utilizado para el control de enfermedades de plantas producidas por hongos Los mecanismos descriptos por los cuales Trichoderma desplaza al fitopatógeno son a) competición directa por el espacio o por los nutrientes, b) producción de metabolitos antibióticos, c) parasitismo directo sobre los hongos fitopatógenos y d) inducción de resistencia sistémica El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad antagónica de 15 aislamientos de Trichoderma pertenecientes a la colección IPAVE, frente al patógeno C theobromicola IPAVE 072 en ensayos in vitro.Instituto de Patología VegetalFil: Valetti, Lucio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Valetti, Lucio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); ArgentinaFil: Bernardi Lima, Nelson. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); ArgentinaFil: Bernardi Lima, Nelson. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Pastor, Silvina Estela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Pastor, Silvina Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); ArgentinaFil: Otero, Maria Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Cáceres, Ruth. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Quintero, Sara. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Maza, Claudia Elizabeth. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Chilecito; ArgentinaFil: Roca, Mónica. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Carrasco, Franca Denise. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Catamarca; Argentin

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Estudio de una tecnología para el reciclaje de los componentes de baterías de Ni- Cd

Las baterías son los almacenes energéticos más usados para aparatos electrónicos portátiles, las baterías tienen diferentes características de acuerdo al material con el que están fabricadas; Las baterías de níquel - cadmio fueron creadas para sustituir baterías con componentes mucho más tóxicos, además tienen una vida de operación más grande por ser recargables. Sin embargo al ser desechadas todavía representan un riesgo al medio ambiente y la salud dada la toxicidad de sus componentes. Los componentes activos de estas baterías, (los metales níquel y cadmio) son muy usados en la industria, por lo tanto tienen un mercado amplio especialmente el níquel. Estas baterías contienen una placa electrodo de hidróxido de níquel positivo, y una negativa de hidróxido de cadmio siendo la capacidad del electrodo negativo mayor que la del positivo. Los electrodos positivo y negativo se encuentran enredados en espiral dentro de la pila y contienen un separador y un electrolito alcalino (generalmente KOH). Todo este interior esta recubierto por una "fundade metal con una placa selladora equipada con una válvula de seguridad. En este trabajo se investigaron diferentes métodos de extracción de estos metales para identificar cual es el método más conveniente. En el mejor método (con 4 ácidos: Ácido Sulfúrico, Ácido Nítrico, Ácido Acético y Ácido Clorhídrico), se realizaron pruebas para identificar las condiciones de operación optimas del proceso y determinar las concentraciones obtenidas. El procedimiento en la realización de esta tesis fue: Se estableció un centro de acopio de baterías para recolectar el mayor número de baterías de Ni-Cd para realizar las pruebas. Se caracterizaron las pilas y las baterías desensamblándolas manualmente. Se identificaron las pilas a las cuales se les fue aplicable el proceso seleccionado. Se desarrollar un método de extracción en frío con ácidos a diferentes condiciones y de determino el tiempo de contacto optimo. Se determinaron las concentraciones de los metales por absorción atómica. Se exploraron algunos métodos de purificación posibles como método de concentración de los metales

Beyond the bucket – developing a global gradient-based groundwater model (G3M v1.0) for a global hydrological model from scratch

To quantify water flows between groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) as well as the impact of Abstract. To quantify water flows between groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) as well as the impact of capillary rise on evapotranspiration by global hydrological models (GHMs), it is necessary to replace the bucket-like linear GW reservoir model typical for hydrological models with a fully integrated gradient-based GW flow model. Linear reservoir models can only simulate GW discharge to SW bodies, provide no information on the location of the GW table and assume that there is no GW flow among grid cells. A gradient-based GW model simulates not only GW storage but also hydraulic head, which together with information on SW table elevation enables the quantification of water flows from GW to SW and vice versa. In addition, hydraulic heads are the basis for calculating lateral GW flow among grid cells and capillary rise. G³M is a new global gradient-based GW model with a spatial resolution of 5' that will replace the current linear GW reservoir in the 0.5° WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model (WGHM). The newly developed model framework enables inmemory coupling to WGHM while keeping overall runtime relatively low, allowing sensitivity analyses and data assimilation. This paper presents the G³M concept and specific model design decisions together with results under steady-state naturalized conditions, i.e. neglecting GW abstractions. Cell-specific conductances of river beds, which govern GW-SW interaction, were determined based on the 30'' steady-state water table computed by Fan et al. (2013). Together with an appropriate choice for the effective elevation of the SW table within each grid cell, this enables a reasonable simulation of drainage from GW to SW such that, in contrast to the GW model of de Graaf et al. (2015, 2017), no additional drainage based on externally provided values for GW storage above the floodplain is required in G³M. Comparison of simulated hydraulic heads to observations around the world shows better agreement than de Graaf et al. (2015). In addition, G³M output is compared to the output of two established macro-scale models for the Central Valley, California, and the continental United States, respectively. As expected, depth to GW table is highest in mountainous and lowest in flat regions. A first analysis of losing and gaining rivers and lakes/wetlands indicates that GW discharge to rivers is by far the dominant flow, draining diffuse GW recharge, such that lateral flows only become a large fraction of total diffuse and focused recharge in case of losing rivers and some areas with very low GW recharge. G³M does not represent losing rivers in some dry regions. This study presents the first steps towards replacing the linear GW reservoir model in a GHM while improving on recent efforts, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach and the robustness of the newly developed framework

Challenges in developing a global gradient-based groundwater model (G3M v1.0) for the integration into a global hydrological model

In global hydrological models, groundwater (GW) is typically represented by a bucket-like linear groundwater reservoir. Reservoir models, however, (1) can only simulate GW discharge to surface water (SW) bodies but not recharge from SW to GW, (2) provide no information on the location of the GW table, and (3) assume that there is no GW flow among grid cells. This may lead, for example, to an underestimation of groundwater resources in semiarid areas where GW is often replenished by SW or to an underestimation of evapotranspiration where the GW table is close to the land surface. To overcome these limitations, it is necessary to replace the reservoir model in global hydrological models with a hydraulic head gradient-based GW flow model. We present G3M, a new global gradient-based GW model with a spatial resolution of 5′ (arcminutes), which is to be integrated into the 0.5∘ WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model (WGHM). The newly developed model framework enables in-memory coupling to WGHM while keeping overall runtime relatively low, which allows sensitivity analyses, calibration, and data assimilation. This paper presents the G3M concept and model design decisions that are specific to the large grid size required for a global-scale model. Model results under steady-state naturalized conditions, i.e., neglecting GW abstractions, are shown. Simulated hydraulic heads show better agreement to observations around the world compared to the model output of de Graaf et al. (2015). Locations of simulated SW recharge to GW are found, as is expected, in dry and mountainous regions but areal extent of SW recharge may be underestimated. Globally, GW discharge to rivers is by far the dominant flow component such that lateral GW flows only become a large fraction of total diffuse and focused recharge in the case of losing rivers, some mountainous areas, and some areas with very low GW recharge. A strong sensitivity of simulated hydraulic heads to the spatial resolution of the model and the related choice of the water table elevation of surface water bodies was found. We suggest to investigate how global-scale groundwater modeling at 5′ spatial resolution can benefit from more highly resolved land surface elevation data

Fundamentos de la Contratación I - DE251 - 202102

Descripción: El curso de Fundamentos de la Contratación I proporcionará al estudiante conocimientos referidos a la naturaleza jurídica de los Actos Jurídicos en el sistema jurídico peruano, tomando en consideración la relevancia jurídica de estos actos en las relaciones sociales y comerciales que las personas desarrollan a diario. Para ello, el alumno podrá identificar las características propias del Acto Jurídico que permiten la celebración y ejecución de contratos privados. Curso de especialidad de la carrera de Derecho de carácter teórico dirigido a los estudiantes de tercer ciclo, que busca desarrollar la competencia de investigación jurídica. Propósito: El curso de Fundamentos de la Contratación permitirá que el estudiante desarrolle su capacidad en investigación jurídica a nivel 1, la misma que le ayudará a identificar la relevancia jurídica de los actos (obligaciones responsabilidad, legalidad) que las personas realizan en su interacción diaria. Este curso tiene como requisito la asignatura Derecho de las Personas y Razonamiento e Investigación Jurídica