Integrity and Integration in Ecclesiastical Historiography: The Perspective of Mosheim and Neander

This investigation attempts to apply the motif of integrity and integration in an examination of Lutheran ecclesiastical historiography. This is not a comprehensive survey involving all the significant Lutheran historians of the past but rather focuses on selected Lutheran historians of different centuries to determine possible tendencies in their views of integrity and integration. Although these terms themselves are not employed as such by the theologians/historians analyzed here, this study starts with the hypothesis that the concepts expressed by these terms are not unfamiliar to them. In a study of Lutheran historiography the question about Luther\u27s view of history deserves to be raised. This is done in the first chapter where Luther\u27s position regarding the integrity and integration of the church also receives attention. Luther himself was no historian, therefore the views of two expression to his view of history are briefly examined in the same chapter. The two are Matthias Facies and Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf. These Lutherans still felt a natural tie tithe Reformation, although Seckendorf was already a transition figure. Seckendorf, who won recognition for his comprehensive history of Lutheranism, did not, however, write general history of the church and therefore is only briefly considered here. The main focus of this study falls upon two epoch-making Lutheran ecclesiastical historians, Johann Lorenz Mosheim and Johann August Wilhelm Neander. The historical production of Mosheim belongs to the eighteenth century and that of Neander to the nineteenth. Being more distant from the Reformation, these historians have to deal with the Reformation more as their genealogy than as their own youth. Mosheim seems not to have sensed very clearly that growing distance, but there is witness to the gap. Neander realizes how far he has come. Although these historians have been studied before, they have never been analyzed according to the scheme of integrity and integration. Both scholars wrote several more or less comprehensive historical works, however, it seemed best to restrict the analysis teach author\u27s major work, namely, each one\u27s general history of the church. The main reason for this decision is that it allows a comparison of the views that the authors expressed on the same subject matter, a comparison that would not be possible with other wider-ranging writings where each deals with different topics. In addition to analyzing their views of integrity and integration, and to better contextualize these views, attention will be given to their view of history, to their historical method, to their contributions to the church’s historiography, and to emphases in their theological outlooks, especially as these relate to the larger theological context of their times

Diplomacia da saúde e cooperação Sul-Sul: as experiências da Unasul saúde e do Plano Estratégicode Cooperação em Saúde da Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP)

O artigo apresenta as principais características da cooperação internacional em saúde realizada recentemente em contextos regionais, que se inscrevem no âmbito da cooperação Sul-Sul. Tal cooperação se desenvolve particularmente entre países da América do Sul, no contexto da Unasul Saúde, e entre os Palop (Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa), Timor Leste, Brasil e Portugal, no contexto do PECS/ CPLP (Plano Estratégico de Cooperação em Saúde da Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa).R. Eletr. de Com. Inf. Inov. Saúde. Rio de Janeir

Globalización, pobreza y salud: Premio Conferencia Hugh Rodman Leavell

Public health, as a field of knowledge and of social practice, has encountered countless challenges throughout its history. Now the turn of the twentieth century and the dawn of the new millennium face us again with challenging processes: globalization and poverty. These two phenomena have a powerful impact on peoples’ everyday health, which is the first and foremost commitment for public health and sanitarians. Therefore, a better understanding must be sought in order to face them properly.La salud pública, como campo de conocimiento y de práctica social, ha enfrentado enormes desafíos a lo largo de su historia. El final del siglo XX y este inicio de milenio nos vuelven a colocar ante procesos desafiantes: la globalización y la pobreza. Estos dos fenómenos influencian poderosamente la cotidianidad de la salud de los pueblos, el primer y más importante compromiso de la salud pública y de los sanitaristas, correspondiendo por ello la búsqueda de su mejor comprensión para enfrentarlos adecuadamente

Saúde e desenvolvimento nos países BRICS

At the beginning of the century, the acronym BRIC first appeared in a study produced by an economist at Goldman Sachs. Economic and financial interest in BRICS resulted from the fact of them being seen as drivers of development. The purpose of this review is to analyze the extent to which what is being proposed at the Declarations of Heads of State and in the Declaration and Communiqué of Ministers of Health of BRICS can provide guidance to the potential of achieving a healthier world. With that in mind, the methodology of analysis of Statements and Communiqué rose from the discussions at the Summit of Heads of State and Ministers of Health was adopted. In the first instance, the study focused on the potential for economic, social and environmental development, and in the second, on the future of health within the group addressed. The conclusion reached was that despite the prospect of continued economic growth of BRICS countries, coupled with plausible proposals for the health sector, strong investment by the countries in S&T and technology transfer within the group, research on the social and economic determinants that drive the occurrence of NCDs – there is the need and the opportunity for joint action of the BRICS in terms of the “diplomacy of health” reinforcing the whole process of sustainable development.No início do século, a sigla BRIC apareceu pela primeira vez em um estudo elaborado por um economista da Goldman Sachs. O interesse econômico e financeiro no BRICS resultou do fato de eles serem vistos como propulsores do desenvolvimento. O objetivo desta revisão é analisar em que medida o que está sendo proposto pelas Declarações de Chefes de Estado e na Declaração e no Comunicado Oficial dos Ministros da Saúde dos BRICS pode fornecer orientações para alcançar um mundo mais saudável. Com isso em mente, a metodologia de análise partiu das Declarações e do Comunicado resultado das discussões oriundas das Cúpulas de Chefes de Estado e de Ministros da Saúde. No primeiro caso, o estudo centrou-se sobre o potencial de desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental, e, no segundo, sobre o futuro da saúde no grupo abordado. A conclusão foi que, apesar da perspectiva de crescimento econômico contínuo dos países BRICS, juntamente com propostas plausíveis para o setor da saúde, forte investimento por parte dos países em C&T e de transferência de tecnologia dentro do grupo, pesquisa sobre os determinantes sociais e econômicos que impulsionam a ocorrência das doenças não transmissíveis, existe a necessidade e a oportunidade para a ação conjunta dos BRICS no que se denomina ‘diplomacia da saúde’ reforçando todo o processo de desenvolvimento sustentável

Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of Sporotrichosis cases in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: a 16-year study

Background: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous fungal infection that occurs worldwide, although its highest incidence is in tropical and subtropical areas. In Brazil, it is an hyperendemic disease that affects animals and humans. Objective: To report cases of sporotrichosis in a dermatology referral service, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: Retrospective, observational, descriptive study, from 2003 to 2019. Data were selected from patients who had skin lesions suggestive of sporotrichosis, and who had positive direct and/or cultural mycological examinations of Sporothrix spp.. Clinical records were reviewed in charts. Results: 61 cases of sporotrichosis were identified, with an annual average of 4 cases. There was a predominance of males (54.1%; n=33) and white skin color (77.0%; n=47). The mean age was 45.9 years (standard deviation = 21.2), with the predominant age group between 25 and 60 years (41.0%; n=25). The sample consisted mainly of patients residing in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (47.5%; n=29). Conclusions: This study contributes with updates on the epidemiological situation of sporotrichosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul

The Next WHO Director-General’s Highest Priority: a Global Treaty on the Human Right to Health

Amidst the many challenges facing the next WHO Director-General, the new WHO head should find WHO’s foremost priority in its most important constitutional pillar: the right to health. The centerpiece of this endeavor should be leadership on the Framework Convention on Global Health (FCGH), the proposed global treaty based in the right to health and aimed at national and global health equity. The treaty would reform global governance for health to enhance accountability, transparency, and civil society participation and protect the right to health in trade, investment, climate change, and other international regimes, while catalyzing governments to institutionalize the right to health at community through to national levels. It would usher in a new era of global health with justice – vast improvements in health outcomes, equitably distributed. With the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control having served as a proof of concept, the FCGH would be an innovative treaty finding solutions to overcome global health failings in accountability, equality, financing, and inter-sectoral coherence. It would include a global health accountability framework, encompassing, civil society engagement, independent monitoring, and plans for redress, while catalyzing national health accountability strategies, accountability mechanisms, disaggregated data, and community participation. National health equity strategies, pro-poor pathways to universal health coverage, and robust non-discrimination provisions could elevate the voices, priorities, and ultimately power of marginalized populations. The FCGH would include a national and global health financing framework, while reaching beyond the health sector with right to health assessments, public health participation in developing international agreements, and responsibility for all sectors for improving health outcomes. The FCGH would reinvigorate WHO’s global health leadership, breathing new life into its founding principles. It could become the platform for reforming WHO as a rights-based 21st century institution, with badly-needed reforms, such as community participation, new priorities favouring social determinants of health, and a culture of transparency and accountability. The next Director-General should launch a historic effort to align national and global governance for with human rights through the FCGH, bringing the world closer to global health with justice