Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Identidades póstumas. El momento chamánico en Lonquén 10 años de Gonzalo Díaz

”Todo hombre culto es un teólogo, y paraserlo no es indispensable la fe”.Jorge Luis Borges. ”El enigma de Edward Fiztgerald”. Otras inquisiciones Tras varios años de soslayamiento casi despectivo, el tema de la identidad ocupa otra vez uno de los centros del debate cultural contemporáneo. Pero cuando esa discusión involucra al arte llamado latinoamericano, las posiciones preferenciales tienden a señalar un desplazamiento más allá de esa categoría. ”Más allá de la identidad” (”Beyond Identity”..

Exhibition, difference and the logic of culture

A good deal of contemporary museum theory and practice has concerned itself with the ways in which museum environments - and the social and symbolic exchanges that take place within them - might be refashioned so as to transform museums into “differencing machines” committed to the promotion of cross-cultural understanding, especially across divisions that have been racialized. The question I want to pose here is whether this aspiration involves a series of collateral changes that, taken together, add up to a more general change in how museums operate and their situation within the cultural field. To put the point more rhetorically, does the conception of the museum as a “differencing machine” aspire to new forms of dialogism that place earlier notions of exhibition into question? I want also to review, and qualify, the concept of the “exhibitionary complex” by arguing the need to view the operations of this complex in the broader perspective of what, for the purposes of my argument here, I shall call the “logic of culture.” Before I come to either of these questions, however, I want to worry away a little at what is involved in pursuing these concerns in a context defined by a conjunction of “public cultures” and “global transformations” and the ways in which these evoke the concepts of globalization and the public sphere (or spheres) even while distancing themselves from such concepts. The consequences for how we engage with the changing role of museums can vary significantly depending on how each of these terms is interpreted and how the relations between them are viewed. And each has the potential to significantly misdirect inquiry

Memorias en conflicto

Con frecuencia el fenómeno de la violencia política se pretende explicar a partir de metáforas naturalistas o teológicas que remiten a una barbarie atávica, o a la figura fantasmal de una voluntad perversa sin causas ni historia, que emerge como la representación absoluta del mal. A contracorriente de esta visión simplificadora, los textos reunidos en el presente volumen ofrecen, desde una diversidad de contextos y de enfoques analíticos, una serie de miradas que nos aproxima a la lógica compleja y perturbadora de las sociedades marcadas por la violencia, enfrentando el reto de analizar el proceso violento, de entender su surgimiento histórico, y de reflexionar sobre una necesaria superación de sus huellas. Contando con la participación de destacados especialistas, en su mayoría peruanos y franceses, y gracias a un esfuerzo multidisciplinario en el que converge la filosofía, el derecho, la sociología y la estética, este libro presenta un aporte sustancial y estimulante que nos invita a pensar de nuevo el trágico auge de la violencia política en el mundo contemporáneo

Beyond the Fantastic : Contemporary Art Criticism From Latin America

Mosquera offers his selection of 22 essays as an introduction to the ongoing critical debates within and without Latin America about Latin American art. The selections, Mosquera notes, are characteristic of newer theories since the 1980s, representing a shift away from the key concepts of the criticism of the 1960s, such as “resistance” and “revolution,” towards those like “hybridisation” and “appropriation” which share features with North American-style multiculturalism and mass culture. Brief biographical notes on the authors. Glossary, 2 p. Circa 290 bibl. ref

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

International audienceAbstract Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance