Siete puentes, un camino: Königsberg

En este trabajo se presenta el problema de los puentes de Konigsberg, resuelto por Leonhard Euler, en 1735, como herramienta didáctica que se puede utilizar para introducir a los alumnos en el estudio de la Combinatoria. Se indican también las primeras nociones elementales de la Teoría de Grafos, adaptadas al nivel de conocimiento de estos alumnos, y se comentan algunas aplicaciones de esta teoría a la resolución de problemas relacionados con el que sirve de base al trabajo, como puede ser el problema de dibujar una figura sin levantar el lápiz del papel.This article deals with the problem of Königsberg bridges solved by Leonhard Euler in 1735 as the teaching tool for students’ introduction to combinatory analysis. Elementary knowledge of the Grafos Theory at student level is also pointed out, as well as some applications of this theory to the solving of problems related to the one central to this work, as can be figure drawing without raising the pencil from the writing paper

El rol de la diferenciación estructural en el estiramiento de la musculatura isquiosural

Introducción: algunas de las técnicas de estiramiento isquiosural descritas en la bibliografía son muy similares a los test neurodinámicos (TNDs), diseñados para valorar la integridad del sistema nervioso. Surge la cuestión sobre la especificidad de dichas técnicas sobre el tejido muscular. Durante los TNDs, la maniobra de diferenciación estructural (DE) permite discriminar si el origen de los síntomas es neural o muscular. Con el mismo propósito, podría incluirse la DE en las técnicas de estiramiento isquiosural como un posible reflejo del origen de la tensión experimentada. Objetivo: describir el efecto de la DE en la sensación de tensión experimentada por sujetos sanos en técnicas de estiramiento y auto-estiramiento isquiosural. Material y método: estudio observacional descriptivo reclutando la muestra de estudiantes y personal de la Universidad de Zaragoza. Se realizaron los estiramientos de elevación de la pierna recta (SLR), extensión pasiva de rodilla (PKE), flexión máxima de cadera (MHF) y se solicitó un auto-estiramiento. En todos ellos, se analizó la respuesta en los síntomas tras la maniobra de DE. Resultados: un total de 54 sujetos (108 extremidades), con una media de edad de 25 ± 4,6 participaron en el estudio. El porcentaje de respuestas musculares fue 26,9 %, 48,8 % y 81,48 % para las técnicas de SLR, PKE y MHF, respectivamente. En el auto-estiramiento el porcentaje de respuestas musculares fue el 20,4 %. Conclusiones: la incorporación de la DE en el procedimiento habitual de estiramiento puede resultar útil para diferenciar el origen de la tensión generada por las técnicas de estiramiento isquiosural. Aquellos estiramientos que utilizan secuencias de movimiento similares a los TNDs son los que mayor número de respuestas de origen neural obtienen y los que utilizan la flexión máxima de la cadera parecen ser los más específicos para el tejido muscular

Short term Efficacy of C0-C1 Mobilization in the Cervical Neutral Position in Upper Cervical Hypomobility: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of mobilization of C0-C1 and C7-T1 applied to asymptomatic individuals with reduced upper cervical rotation during the FRT. Design: parallel randomized controlled trial. 48 subjects(38.52 years±15.13) with C1-C2 rotation hypomobility in TFR joined the study and were randomized into three groups(C0, C7, control group). FRT in both directions was measured before and after the intervention. C0 intervention consisted of a dorsal translatoric mobilization of C0-C1 in the cervical neutral position. C7 intervention consisted of a ventral cranial translatoric mobilization of C7- T1 in neutral position and the control group maintained a supine position. C0 group experienced a FRT ROM to the restricted side increase of 17.64¿(SD=4.55), that was significantly greater (P<0.001) than 5.95¿ (SD=4.81) of the C7 group and 2.45¿(SD=5.05) of the control group. The results showed that a dorsal translatoric mobilization of C0-C1 in neutral position restored the physiological FRT mobility in subjects with C1-C2 hypomobility and experienced statistical significant improvement in FRT as compared to a C7-T1 translatoric mobilization and a control group. (Level of evidence: 1b)

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Suma

Se presenta el problema del puente de Königsberg como herramienta didáctica para introducir a los alumnos en el estudio de la combinatoria. Se indican también las primeras nociones de la Teoría de Grafos.MadridUniversitat de Barcelona. Biblioteca de Ciències de l'Educació; Passeig de la Vall d'hebron, 171; 08035 Barcelona; +34934021035; +34934021034;ES

Down syndrome as risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization : A prospective multicenter epidemiological study

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in childhood, particularly in premature infants, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To compare the hospitalization rates due to RSV infection and severity of disease between infants with and without Down syndrome (DS) born at term and without other associated risk factors for severe RSV infection. In a prospective multicentre epidemiological study, 93 infants were included in the DS cohort and 68 matched by sex and data of birth (±1 week) and were followed up to 1 year of age and during a complete RSV season. The hospitalization rate for all acute respiratory infection was significantly higher in the DS cohort than in the non-DS cohort (44.1% vs 7.7%, P<.0001). Hospitalizations due to RSV were significantly more frequent in the DH cohort than in the non-DS cohort (9.7% vs 1.5%, P=.03). RSV prophylaxis was recorded in 33 (35.5%) infants with DS. The rate of hospitalization according to presence or absence of RSV immunoprophylaxis was 3.0% vs 15%, respectively. Infants with DS showed a higher rate of hospitalization due to acute lower respiratory tract infection and RSV infection compared to non-DS infants. Including DS infants in recommendations for immunoprophylaxis of RSV disease should be considered

Investigación educativa en las aulas de primaria

Reúne trabajos derivados de la experiencias de diversos docentes en educación primaria en los siguientes temas: Tecnología de Información y Comunicación, educación inclusiva, enseñanza de la música, educación física, enseñanza de la historia, acoso escolar, auto-evaluación, métodos de enseñanza, inteligencia emocional, percepción del alumno, marco cognitivo en comprensión lectora y comunicación escuela-familia