Permis d’émission négociables et commerce international dans des marchés de concurrence imparfaite

Dans cet article, nous considérons des entreprises en concurrence imparfaite sur un marché international de bien. Elles ne sont pas toutes soumises à un marché de permis et les pouvoirs publics fixent le plafond de pollution. Nous montrons qu’une entreprise dominante sur le marché des permis utilise ce dernier pour s’approprier un avantage sur le marché du bien. Ce résultat élargit ainsi les hypothèses de la manipulation par exclusion. Les pouvoirs publics se comportent également de façon stratégique, en utilisant deux instruments – la dotation initiale et le plafond de pollution – pour maximiser le bien-être collectif. Le plafond de pollution qui en résulte est alors plus élevé qu’à l’équilibre concurrentiel.In this article, we consider firms competing in an imperfectly competitive international market. These firms are not all submitted to a pollution permit market. We show that a dominant firm being part of the pollution permit market can use it to obtain an advantage in the product market. This result enlarges assumptions about exclusionary manipulation. We also show that the government acts strategically as well, using two instruments to increase welfare: the pollution cap and the initial allocation. The resulting pollution cap is higher with respect to the one achieved without strategic behavior

Border adjustment mechanisms :Elements for economic, legal, and political analysis

This paper examines, from a multidisciplinary perspective, plausible hypotheses for implementation of border carbon adjustment mechanisms, seen as a complement to strong environmental regulation. It highlights economic, legal, and political difficulties raised by border carbon adjustments. After thoroughly reviewing their economic practicability, it analyses these mechanisms from an International Trade Law perspective, particularly vis-à-vis the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, sustainable development, and the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities. It concludes with an assessment of policy-related implications of such mechanisms and outlines, in particular, how border carbon adjustments may be used as an engine of economic and energy transition, for developed and developing countries equally

miRNAs Regulate Cytokine Secretion Induced by Phosphorylated S100A8/A9 in Neutrophils.

The release of cytokines by neutrophils constitutes an essential process in the development of inflammation by recruiting and activating additional cells. Neutrophils are also able to secrete a complex of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins (S100A8/A9), which can amplify the general inflammatory state of the host and is involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). S100A8/A9 have received renewed attention due to their susceptibility to several function-altering post-translational modifications. In that context, it has been recently demonstrated that only the phosphorylated form of S100A8/A9 (S100A8/A9-P) is able to induce the secretion of several cytokines in neutrophils. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which this post-translational modification of S100A8/A9 can regulate the extracellular activity of the protein complex and its impact on the inflammatory functions of neutrophils. We found that S100A8/A9-P are present in large amounts in the synovial fluids from RA patients, highlighting the importance of this form of S100A8/A9 complex in the inflammation process. Using miRNA-sequencing on S100A8/A9-P-stimulated differentiated HL-60 cells, we identified a dysregulation of miR-146a-5p and miR-155-5p expression through TRL4 signaling pathways. Our data reveal that overexpression of these miRNAs in neutrophil-like cells reduces S100A8/A9-P-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Dépouillement et analyse de spectres à l'aide d'un ordinateur IBM 1800

On décrit brièvement un système d'analyse de résultats d'expériences à basse énergie. Un dialogue utilisateur-ordinateur améliore fortement la rapidité et la facilité des analyses

miRNA-132-5p mediates a negative feedback regulation of IL-8 secretion through S100A8/A9 downregulation in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells

BackgroundNeutrophils are an important source of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. This makes neutrophils efficient drivers of interactions with immune and non-immune cells to maintain homeostasis and modulate the inflammatory process by notably regulating the release of cytokines. Ca2+-dependent regulatory mechanism encompassing cytokine secretion by neutrophils are not still identified. In this context, we propose to define new insights on the role of Ca2+-binding proteins S100A8/A9 and on the regulatory role of miRNA-132-5p, which was identified as a regulator of S100A8/A9 expression, on IL-8 secretion.MethodsDifferentiated HL-60 cells, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line that can be induced to differentiate into neutrophil-like cells, were used as a model of human neutrophils and treated with N- formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), a bacterial peptide that activates neutrophils. shRNA knockdown was used to define the role of selected targets (S100A8/A9 and miRNA-132-5p) on IL-8 secretion.Results and discussionDifferent types of cytokines engage different signaling pathways in the secretion process. IL-8 release is tightly regulated by Ca2+ binding proteins S100A8/A9. miRNA-132-5p is up-regulated over time upon fMLF stimulation and decreases S100A8/A9 expression and IL-8 secretion.ConclusionThese findings reveal a novel regulatory loop involving S100A8/A9 and miRNA-132-5p that modulates IL-8 secretion by neutrophils in inflammatory conditions. This loop could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases.</jats:sec

Vesicular Polyamine Transporter Mediates Vesicular Storage and Release of Polyamine from Mast Cells

Mast cells are secretory cells that play an important role in host defense by discharging various intragranular contents, such as histamine and serotonin, upon stimulation of Fc receptors. The granules also contain spermine and spermidine, which can act as modulators of mast cell function, although the mechanism underlying vesicular storage remains unknown. Vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT), the fourth member of the SLC18 transporter family, is an active transporter responsible for vesicular storage of spermine and spermidine in neurons. In the present study, we investigated whether VPAT functions in mast cells. RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated VPAT expression in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that VPAT is colocalized with VAMP3 but not with histamine, serotonin, cathepsin D, VAMP2, or VAMP7. Membrane vesicles from BMMCs accumulated spermidine upon the addition of ATP in a reserpine- and bafilomycin A1-sensitive manner. BMMCs secreted spermine and spermidine upon the addition of either antigen or A23187 in the presence of Ca2+, and the antigen-mediated release, which was shown to be temperature-dependent and sensitive to bafilomycin A1 and tetanus toxin, was significantly suppressed by VPAT gene RNA interference. Under these conditions, expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 was unaffected, but antigen-dependent histamine release was significantly suppressed, which was recovered by the addition of 1 mm spermine. These results strongly suggest that VPAT is expressed and is responsible for vesicular storage of spermine and spermidine in novel secretory granules that differ from histamine- and serotonin-containing granules and is involved in vesicular release of these polyamines from mast cells

Whole-Day Schools - Management and Education

Ganztagsschulen haben durch ihr Mehr an Zeit einen größeren Spielraum, die Schulgestaltung an den Bedürfnissen der Beteiligten zu orientieren. In einer Auseinandersetzung mit anderen Perspektiven kann es gelingen, die Ausrichtung der eigenen Schule zu diskutieren, zu festigen und zu schärfen. Pädagogische Fortbildungsveranstaltungen bieten dazu eine Möglichkeit. Der zweite bayerische Ganztagsschulkongress Ganztagsschule gestalten – ganztags Unterricht organisieren am 3. und 4. März 2010 in Forchheim bot den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern anhand vielfältiger Vorträge und Workshops ein Forum zur Diskussion mit Perspektiven aus Wissenschaft, Schulpraxis und Bildungspolitik. Die Dokumentation der Veranstaltung liegt hiermit vor.All-day schools stand out against other types of schools due to the extended availability of time and therewith a wider range of possibilities to adjust the orientation of the school to the needs of the persons involved. Schools can evolve and strengthen their orientation by a discursive examination and discussion of different approaches. A good opportunity for advancing this discussion are events in pedagogical further education. During the second Bavarian all-day school congress "Modelling All-Day School - Organizing All-Day Tuition", held on the 3rd and 4th of March 2010 in Forchheim/Germany, participants had the opportunity to attend numerous workshops and presentations as well as a panel discussion featuring experts from the fields of educational science, educational policy and teaching. The documentation of the congress is now available

Customs and tax modes derogatory in the European Community

Cette thèse porte sur la réglementation et la jurisprudence communautaires en matière de restrictions, d'interdictions ou, au contraire, d'une plus grande facilité de circulation, des personnes, des biens, des services et des capitaux à l'intérieur de la Communauté. Ils ont en commun de constituer des dérogations à la règle commune. Dans ce cadre, l'approche est nécessairement transversale, eu égard à la diversité des matières concernées et au nombre important des justifications à ces régimes. Compte tenu de la nature évolutive de la construction communautaire, les développements offrnt une grande place aux facteurs temporels et factuels, pour expliquer les options choisies par les institutions communautaires. Au- delà de la simple présentation des régimes douaniers et fiscaux dérogatoires, cette thèse a pour objectif de mettre en exergue la logique présidant à leur adoption, leur évolution étant liée au degré d'approfondissement de la construction communautaire, malgré certaines lacunes et hésitations...This thesis relates to the Community regulation and jurisprudence as regards restrictions, prohibitions or, on the contrary, a greater facility of circulation, people, goods, services and capital in European Community. They have jointly to constitute exemptions from the common rule. In this framework, this approach necessarily transverse is, as regard with the diversity of the matters concerned and the big number of justifications to these modes. Taking into account the evolutionary nature of European Community construction, the developments offer a great place to temporal and factual factors, to explain the options chosen by the European Community institutions. Beyond the simple presentation of the customs and tax modes derogatory, this thesis aims to put forward logic governing their adoption, their evolution being related to the degree; deepening of Community construction, in spite of certain gaps and hesitations. The Thesis is made up of two parts, cut out in eight chapters. The first part is devoted to the provisional derogatory modes customs and tax. Their justifications find their source in the need for supporting temporarily certain sector of activity and certain geographical areas, in order to allow, in the long term, their tender with the common rules. Indeed, they are characterized by a sensitivity or an unquestionable brittleness, context in which the application of the common right would have serious destabilizers effects, in economic and social point of view. The adopted measures are, generally of structural nature and, sometimes of the economic situation. The provisional modes characterize in theory specific phenomena, such as widenings of the European Community territory. They also intervene, in favour of sectors of activity in which community rules having to be adopted were not yet, or, geographical areas presenting important particularisms..