Sustainable development through the tourism sector: to what extent can sustainable tourism contribute to social justice for the local communities? A case study of the Grootbos Private Nature Reserve in South Africa

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals promote global sustainable development. One significant part of the socially focused goals for  sustainable development is social justice. Regarding this, the tourism sector has been heavily criticised for not adequately contributing to sustainable  development, especially social justice, and is blamed for primarily focusing on profit maximisation and benefitting external stakeholders and businesses,  but not the local community. Respectively, this research article explores to what extent sustainable tourism can contribute to social justice for local  communities. “Socialising tourism” is a novel concept specifically focusing on social justice for local communities. Thus, this concept has been taken into  account when exploring the role of sustainable tourism for social justice. In fulfilment of this aim, this study is based on qualitative research with  interviewees from the tourism case study of Grootbos Private Nature Reserve. The qualitative research is used to explore how Grootbos, as a private  business, contributes to sustainable development with forms of social justice for the local communities. Respectively, the personal understanding of the  participants of social justice has been investigated. Grootbos’ impact on the local community has been looked at through the lens of socialising tourism.  The research shows that sustainable tourism and socialising tourism can contribute to sustainable development in local communities and their  perception of social justice. Nevertheless, there is a discrepancy between social justice according to the literature and the aspects mentioned by the  participants, which have probably been elicited due to listening to the local community.&nbsp

The rift to break-up evolution of the Gulf of Aden: Insights from 3D numerical lithospheric-scale modelling

International audienceThe Gulf of Aden provides an ideal setting to study oblique rifting since numerous structural data are available onshore and offshore. Recent surveys showed that the spatio-temporal evolution of the Gulf of Aden rift system is dominated by three fault orientations: displacement-orthogonal (WSW), rift-parallel (WNW) and an intermediate E-W trend. The oldest parts of the rift that are exposed onshore feature displacement-orthogonal and intermediate directions, whereas the subsequently active necking zone involves mainly rift-parallel faults. The final rift phase recorded at the distal margin is characterised by displacement-orthogonal and intermediate fault orientations. We investigate the evolution of the Gulf of Aden from rift initiation to break-up by means of 3D numerical experiments on lithospheric scale. We apply the finite element model SLIM3D which includes realistic, elasto-visco-plastic rheology and a free surface. Despite recent advances, 3D numerical experiments still require relatively coarse resolution so that individual faults are poorly resolved. We address this issue by proposing a simple post-processing method that uses the surface stress-tensor to evaluate stress regime (extensional, strike-slip, compressional) and preferred fault azimuth. The described method is applicable to any geodynamic model and easy to introduce. Our model reproduces the observed fault pattern of the Gulf of Aden and illustrates how multiple fault directions arise from the interaction of local and far-field tectonic stresses in an evolving rift system. The numerical simulations robustly feature intermediate faults during the initial rift phase, followed by rift-parallel normal faulting at the rift flanks and strike-slip faults in the central part of the rift system. Upon break-up, displacement-orthogonal as well as intermediate faults occur. This study corroborates and extends findings from previous analogue experiments of oblique rifting on lithospheric scale and allows new insights in the timing of fault successions of the Gulf of Aden and continental rifts in general

Expression der Glutaminylzyklase in Gliazellen nach Schädigung von Hirngewebe

Die Alzheimer-Demenz drängt immer mehr in den Fokus unserer Gesellschaft, doch ihre Pathophysiologie ist bisher nicht vollständig verstanden. Seit einigen Jahren ist das Enzym Glutaminylzyklase (QC) als wichtiger Katalysator der Bildung von Pyroglutamat-ß-Amyloid Inhalt intensiver Forschung. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, die Expression der QC, welche bisher nur in Neuronen nachgewiesen wurde, in Astrozyten und Mikrogliazellen zu untersuchen. Da Gliazellen einen wichtigen Faktor der pathologischen Veränderungen neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen ausmachen, stellt sich die Frage nach ihrer kausalen Beteiligung an Prozessen, die zur Entstehung der Alzheimer-Demenz beitragen können. Für diese Studie wurden zwei Modelle gewählt, die zu einer spezifischen Aktivierung von Astrozyten und Mikrogliazellen als Reaktion auf eine Schädigung von Neuronen führten, zum einen nach Schädigung cholinerger Neurone durch das Neurotoxin 192-IgG-Saporin, zum anderen nach temporärer Okklusion der Arteria cerebri media. Die aktivierten Astrozyten zeigten eine deutliche Expression der QC, welche hingegen bei ruhenden Astrozyten im gesunden Gewebe nicht nachweisbar war, so dass von einer Hochregulation der Expression bei Aktivierung der Zellen ausgegangen werden kann. Weiterhin konnte die QC in Mikrogliazellen, die sich im phagozytierenden Stadium befinden, dargestellt werden. Diese Arbeit soll dazu beitragen die Zusammenhänge zwischen einer Aktivierung von Gliazellen nach einem Schädigungsereignis, wie zum Beispiel einer Ischämie bei Verschluss eines cerebralen Gefäßes, und der Entwicklung einer Alzheimer-Demenz aufzuklären

FUNGSI KOGNITIF DAN STATUS GIZI PADA LANSIA DI PUSKESMAS SEDAYU II BANTUL

Impaired cognitive function is one of the health problems experienced by the elderly. It can cause the elderly to experience setbacks or not be able to carry out daily activities independently. One of the factors that can cause the elderly to experience a decline in cognitive function is the condition of nutritional status in the elderly. This study aimed to identify the relationship between cognitive function and nutritional status in the elderly at Puskesmas Sedayu 2, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This type of research is quantitative correlation research with a cross-sectional approach design. The population in this study was the elderly aged 60 years and over. The sampling technique used was consecutive sampling with a total of 100 samples. The research instrument used the MMSE (Mini-Mental State Exam) and nutritional status by measuring weight, height, and calculating BMI. The analysis using the Pearson Product moment correlation test revealed there was no significant relationship between cognitive function and nutritional status. It is necessary to do further research related to cognitive function in the elderly

Effectiveness of psychotherapy for traumatized refugees without a secure residency status

Purpose - Psychotherapy with refugees in the western world is quite often complicated because many refugees live without a secure residency status. It is difficult to have a structured therapeutic perspective when doing psychotherapy with these patients because of their fears and daily problems. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate psychotherapy results for 190 traumatized refugees (40 per cent without a secure residency). Design/methodology/approach - To measure the outcome of the psychotherapies the paper used HAM-D and CGI at baseline and at the end of the therapeutic process. Findings - The study shows that, although refugees without a legal status had more depressive symptoms and lived with much higher psychosocial stress, psychotherapy was as effective as for traumatized refugees with a legal status. Research limitations/implications - Heterogeneity, convenience sampling and retrospective completion of some of the baseline assessments. Practical implications - Psychotherapeutic treatment of refugees has a clear positive effect on them and should be applied even in those without legal residence status in the host country. Originality/value - This is the first study assessing the effectiveness of daily practice psychotherapy for refugees with and without a legal status in a comparative fashion

Intermediated communication by interpreters in psychotherapy with traumatized refugees

Immigrants in need of psychotherapy are often confronted with the fact that there is no psychotherapist available with whom they can proceed in a common language understood well by both. In some cases psychotherapy with communication intermediated by interpreters is offered. This study compares the outcome of 190 individual psychotherapies with refugees with post-traumatic disorders, half of them with the help of interpreters, the other half without. The results show that psychotherapies with the help of interpreters were as effective as those without, even though the psychosocial conditions (such as employment, training, foreign language proficiency and social network) for those patients who needed interpreters were tougher. We conclude that psychotherapy with the help of an interpreter should not be considered the poorer alternative

The Readiness of Water Molecules to Split into Hydrogen + Oxygen: A Proposed New Aspect of Water Splitting

The potential of the anode, at which the evolution of oxygen begins, is a key parameter that describes how well water is split in water electrolyzers. Research efforts related to electrocatalytically initiated water splitting that aim at reducing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential to date focus on the optimization of materials used to produce the electrodes. Descriptors for the readiness of the H2O molecule itself to break down into its components have not been considered in water electrolysis experiments so far. In a simple set of experiments, it is found that adding dioxane to aqueous solutions leads to a substantial blueshift of the frequency of the O-H stretch vibration which is a sign of an increased strength of the O-H bond (intramolecular bonding). This phenomenon coincides with a significant increase in the OER onset potential as derived from cyclic voltammetry experiments. Thus, the O-H stretch frequency can be an ideal indicator for the readiness of water molecules to be split in its cleavage products. This is thought to be first example of a study into the relationship between structural features of water as derived from Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopic studies and key results derived from water electrolysis experiments

The Added Value of Large-Eddy and Storm-Resolving Models for Simulating Clouds and Precipitation

More than one hundred days were simulated over very large domains with fine (0.156 km to 2.5 km) grid spacing for realistic conditions to test the hypothesis that storm (kilometer) and large-eddy (hectometer) resolving simulations would provide an improved representation of clouds and precipitation in atmospheric simulations. At scales that resolve convective storms (storm-resolving for short), the vertical velocity variance becomes resolved and a better physical basis is achieved for representing clouds and precipitation. Similarly to past studies we found an improved representation of precipitation at kilometer scales, as compared to models with parameterized convection. The main precipitation features (location, diurnal cycle and spatial propagation) are well captured already at kilometer scales, and refining resolution to hectometer scales does not substantially change the simulations in these respects. It does, however, lead to a reduction in the precipitation on the time-scales considered – most notably over the ocean in the tropics. Changes in the distribution of precipitation, with less frequent extremes are also found in simulations incorporating hectometer scales. Hectometer scales appear to be more important for the representation of clouds, and make it possible to capture many important aspects of the cloud field, from the vertical distribution of cloud cover, to the distribution of cloud sizes, and to the diel (daily) cycle. Qualitative improvements, particularly in the ability to differentiate cumulus from stratiform clouds, are seen when one reduces the grid spacing from kilometer to hectometer scales. At the hectometer scale new challenges arise, but the similarity of observed and simulated scales, and the more direct connection between the circulation and the unconstrained degrees of freedom make these challenges less daunting. This quality, combined with already improved simulation as compared to more parameterized models, underpins our conviction that the use and further development of storm-resolving models offers exciting opportunities for advancing understanding of climate and climate change

Expression der Glutaminylzyklase in Gliazellen nach Schädigung von Hirngewebe

Die Alzheimer-Demenz drängt immer mehr in den Fokus unserer Gesellschaft, doch ihre Pathophysiologie ist bisher nicht vollständig verstanden. Seit einigen Jahren ist das Enzym Glutaminylzyklase (QC) als wichtiger Katalysator der Bildung von Pyroglutamat-ß-Amyloid Inhalt intensiver Forschung. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, die Expression der QC, welche bisher nur in Neuronen nachgewiesen wurde, in Astrozyten und Mikrogliazellen zu untersuchen. Da Gliazellen einen wichtigen Faktor der pathologischen Veränderungen neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen ausmachen, stellt sich die Frage nach ihrer kausalen Beteiligung an Prozessen, die zur Entstehung der Alzheimer-Demenz beitragen können. Für diese Studie wurden zwei Modelle gewählt, die zu einer spezifischen Aktivierung von Astrozyten und Mikrogliazellen als Reaktion auf eine Schädigung von Neuronen führten, zum einen nach Schädigung cholinerger Neurone durch das Neurotoxin 192-IgG-Saporin, zum anderen nach temporärer Okklusion der Arteria cerebri media. Die aktivierten Astrozyten zeigten eine deutliche Expression der QC, welche hingegen bei ruhenden Astrozyten im gesunden Gewebe nicht nachweisbar war, so dass von einer Hochregulation der Expression bei Aktivierung der Zellen ausgegangen werden kann. Weiterhin konnte die QC in Mikrogliazellen, die sich im phagozytierenden Stadium befinden, dargestellt werden. Diese Arbeit soll dazu beitragen die Zusammenhänge zwischen einer Aktivierung von Gliazellen nach einem Schädigungsereignis, wie zum Beispiel einer Ischämie bei Verschluss eines cerebralen Gefäßes, und der Entwicklung einer Alzheimer-Demenz aufzuklären

Expression der Glutaminylzyklase in Gliazellen nach Schädigung von Hirngewebe

Die Alzheimer-Demenz drängt immer mehr in den Fokus unserer Gesellschaft, doch ihre Pathophysiologie ist bisher nicht vollständig verstanden. Seit einigen Jahren ist das Enzym Glutaminylzyklase (QC) als wichtiger Katalysator der Bildung von Pyroglutamat-ß-Amyloid Inhalt intensiver Forschung. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, die Expression der QC, welche bisher nur in Neuronen nachgewiesen wurde, in Astrozyten und Mikrogliazellen zu untersuchen. Da Gliazellen einen wichtigen Faktor der pathologischen Veränderungen neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen ausmachen, stellt sich die Frage nach ihrer kausalen Beteiligung an Prozessen, die zur Entstehung der Alzheimer-Demenz beitragen können. Für diese Studie wurden zwei Modelle gewählt, die zu einer spezifischen Aktivierung von Astrozyten und Mikrogliazellen als Reaktion auf eine Schädigung von Neuronen führten, zum einen nach Schädigung cholinerger Neurone durch das Neurotoxin 192-IgG-Saporin, zum anderen nach temporärer Okklusion der Arteria cerebri media. Die aktivierten Astrozyten zeigten eine deutliche Expression der QC, welche hingegen bei ruhenden Astrozyten im gesunden Gewebe nicht nachweisbar war, so dass von einer Hochregulation der Expression bei Aktivierung der Zellen ausgegangen werden kann. Weiterhin konnte die QC in Mikrogliazellen, die sich im phagozytierenden Stadium befinden, dargestellt werden. Diese Arbeit soll dazu beitragen die Zusammenhänge zwischen einer Aktivierung von Gliazellen nach einem Schädigungsereignis, wie zum Beispiel einer Ischämie bei Verschluss eines cerebralen Gefäßes, und der Entwicklung einer Alzheimer-Demenz aufzuklären