Macronutrientes em Pinus Caribaea Morelet II: níveis internos sob suficiência e sob omissão

A pot experiment was conducted in a green house in Piracicaba, Brazil, in order to determine, the effects of omission in growth, the corresponding internal levels and the efficiency of macronutrients use for young plants of P. oaribaea var. hondurensis, P. oaribaea var. bahamensis and P. caribaea var. caribaea. The following treatments were employed: complete, without nitrogen, without phosphorus, without potassium, without calcium, without magnesium, and without sulphur. Washed sand was used as a substrate, being the plants watered twice a day with the corresponding nutrient solution. After the deficiency symptoms establishment, the plants were cut and separated in upper needles, lower nedles, branches and roots, dried at 60-70°C, weighed, ground and analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S concentrations . The internal levels in needles under complete and deficient treatments are: N% 1.33 and 0.54, P% 0.03 and 0.02, K% 1.76 and 0.34, Ca% 0.23 and 0.04, Mg% 0.22 and 0.04, S% 0.24 and P0.09 for P. caribaea var. hondurensis; N% 1.30 and 0.51, P% 0.02 and 0.02, K% 1.51 and 0.35, Ca% 0.14 and 0.05, Mg% 0.15 and 0.08, S% 0.16 and 0.06 for P. caribaea var. bahamensis and; N% 1.18 and 0.43, P% 0.01 and 0.02, K% 1.51 and 0.34, Ca% 0.15 and 0,04, Mg% 0,13 and 0.08, S% 0.11 and 0.06 for P. caribaea var. caribaea. P. caribaea var. hondurensis is less effective in macronutrient absorption.Com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos da omissão no crescimento, níveis internos correspondentes e eficiência do uso dos macronutrientes em mudas de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. caribaea var. bahamensis e P. caribaea var. cari baea, realizou-se um experimento de vasos, em casa de vegetação; em Piracicaba , no Brasil. Foram empregados os tratamentos: completo, com omissão de nitrogênio, com omissão de fósforo, com omissão de potássio, com omissão de cálcio, com omissão de magnésio e com omissão de enxofre. Usou-se sílica lavada como substrato, irrigando-se as plantas duas vezes ao dia com as soluções nutritivas correspondêntes aos tratamentos utilizados. Após o estabelecimento dos sintomas de carência as plantas foram colhidas, separadas em acículas superiores, acículas inferiores, ramos e raízes secas a 60-70°C em estufa, pesadas, moídas e analisadas para concentrações de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os níveis internos em acículas sob tratamento completo e sob tratamento com omissão são: N% 1,33 e 0,54; P% 0,03 e 0,02; K% 1,76 e 0,34;Ca% 0,23 e 0,04; Mg% 0,22 e 0,04; S% 0,24 e 0,09 em P. caribaea var. hondurensis; N% 1,30 e 0,51; P% 0,02 e 0,02; K% 1,51 e 0,35; Ca% 0,14 e 0,05; Mg% 0,15 e 0,08; S% 0,16 e 0,06 em P. caribaea var. bahamensis e, N% 1,18 e 0,43; P% 0,01 e 0,02; K% 1,15 e 0,34; Ca% 0,15 e 0,04; Mg% 0,13 e 0,08; S% 0,11 e 0,06 em P. caribaea var. caribaea. P. caribaea var. hondurensis é menos eficiente na absorção dos nutrientes

Isozyme polymorphism and potential of utilization of isozymes as genetics markers in West Indian cherry

A aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata DC.) é uma cultura em expansão no Brasil, principalmente, por causa do elevado teor de vitamina C de seus frutos; contudo, ainda são escassas as informações sobre a espécie. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar a atividade e o polimorfismo de alguns sistemas isozimáticos de uma coleção de aceroleiras. Foram estudadas as isozimas IDH, MDH, EST, ACP, GOT, PGM, PGI e POD. Utilizou-se o sistema de eletroforese horizontal em gel de amido e diferentes tampões de gel e cuba. Identificou-se o número de locos e alelos envolvidos no controle genético das enzimas. IDH demonstrou ser dimérica, e foi constatado um loco e dois alelos. PGM apresentou dois locos diméricos, com dois e quatro alelos. EST e POD demonstraram ser monoméricas, com um e dois locos, respectivamente, todos com dois alelos. MDH apresentou um loco onde o seu comportamento é monomérico e outro dimérico, ambos com dois alelos. GOT foi polimórfico mas não foi possível inferir sobre seu controle genético. O polimorfismo revelado pelos sistemas IDH, MDH, POD, EST, GOT e PGM demonstra o potencial de utilização das isozimas como marcadores genéticos em estudos de conservação e melhoramento de aceroleira.The West Indian Cherry (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is a crop in expansion in Brazil mainly due to high fruit vitamin C content. However, there is still little information about the species. The objective of this study was to determine the activity and the polymorphism of isozymes from a collection of West Indian Cherry plants. IDH, MDH, EST, POD, ACP, GOT, PGM and PGI isozymes were studied. Starch gel horizontal electrophoresis and different gel/electrode buffers were used. Number of loci and alleles involved in genetic control of these isozymes were identified. IDH was dimeric and had one locus with two alleles. PGM was monomeric and had two loci, with two and four alleles. POD and EST were monomeric and had one and two loci, respectively, all with two alleles each. MDH had two polymorphic loci, one which was monomeric and one dimeric, both with two alleles each. GOT was polymorphic but its inheritance and genetic control was not determined. Polymorphisms of IDH, MDH, POD, EST, GOT and PGM showed potential as genetic markers in West Indian Cherry in studies of conservation and breeding

Proline and ions accumulation in four Passiflora species under water-saline stress

Water-saline stress is one of the factors limiting growth and crop production, with the induction of morphological, structural and metabolic changes in higher plants. This study aimed to evaluate the response of four species with ten accessions of Passiflora to saline stress and drought stress, and the accumulation of proline and content of cationic macronutrients and their relationships with sodium. The plants were grown under controlled conditions for seven months, watered with nutrient solution with additions of NaCl (100 mM) to achieve the desired conductivities (1.5, 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1) and constant substrate humidity of 100%, 66% and 33%. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ and proline in the leaves were determined. Proline accumulation increased in salinized plants, especially in young leaves. Proline increase was evident in accessions tolerant and moderately tolerant to salinity. These results indicate that tolerance to salinity and water stress in Passiflora relates to an improved ability to exclude sodium and greater ability to accumulate proline for osmotic adjustment. The increased salinity of the nutrient solution increased sodium contents, relations Na+/Ca++, Na+/Mg++, Na+/K+, and decreased Ca++, Mg++ and K+ levels, reflecting the nutritional imbalance caused by progressive saline stress.Water-saline stress is one of the factors limiting growth and crop production, with the induction of morphological, structural and metabolic changes in higher plants. This study aimed to evaluate the response of four species with ten accessions of Passiflora to saline stress and drought stress, and the accumulation of proline and content of cationic macronutrients and their relationships with sodium. The plants were grown under controlled conditions for seven months, watered with nutrient solution with additions of NaCl (100 mM) to achieve the desired conductivities (1.5, 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1) and constant substrate humidity of 100%, 66% and 33%. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ and proline in the leaves were determined. Proline accumulation increased in salinized plants, especially in young leaves. Proline increase was evident in accessions tolerant and moderately tolerant to salinity. These results indicate that tolerance to salinity and water stress in Passiflora relates to an improved ability to exclude sodium and greater ability to accumulate proline for osmotic adjustment. The increased salinity of the nutrient solution increased sodium contents, relations Na+/Ca++, Na+/Mg++, Na+/K+, and decreased Ca++, Mg++ and K+ levels, reflecting the nutritional imbalance caused by progressive saline stress

Tolerancia a la salinidad de Passiflora tarminiana Coppens & Barney

1 recurso en línea (páginas 11-19).Passiflora tarminiana es una glicofita trepadora, nativa de la región andina que tiene tolerancia a la salinidad y estrés hídrico moderado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad para la excreción de sodio como una posible estrategia de esta especie para la tolerancia a la salinidad y a la sequía. La excreción de sal y las concentraciones de iones excretados se examinaron en plantas cultivadas durante siete meses bajo varios niveles de salinidad [(NaCl) 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1 (25, 40 y 55 mM)] y de estrés hídrico moderado (33 y 100% de humedad en el sustrato). El experimento fue llevado a cabo en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, donde la parcela constituye el porcentaje de saturación de agua (33 y 100%), la subparcela los niveles de saturación de sal (CE: 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1), con cinco repeticiones, y la unidad experimental compuesta por una planta. Se evaluaron los cristales de sal y las estructuras de la epidermis foliar. Las sales fueron excretadas en la superficie adaxial de la hoja, posiblemente debido a las glándulas secretoras de sal especializadas. Se observaron otras estructuras como tricomas y papilas, que se cree que también están implicadas en la tolerancia a la salinidad en P. tarminiana.moderate water stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate its capacity for sodium excretion as a possible strategy for salinity tolerance and the drought. Salt excretion and excreted ion concentrations were evaluated in plants grown for seven months under various levels of salinity [(NaCl) 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1 (25, 40 and 55 mM)] and moderate water stress (33 and 100% moisture in the substrate). The experiment design was completely randomized in a split-plot array, where the plot was determined by the percentage of water saturation (33% and 100%). The ubplot had saturation levels of salinity (EC: 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1), with five replicates. The experiment unit consisted of one plant. Salt crystals and structures of the leaf epidermis were evaluated. Salts were excreted in the adaxial leaf surface, possibly because of specialized salt secreting glands. Other structures, such as trichomes and papillae, were also observed, which are believed to also be involved in the salt tolerance of P. tarminiana.Bibliografía: páginas 18-1

Factors affecting the grain pollen germination of yellow passion fruit: culture medium and agrotoxics

Foram conduzidos estudos para seleção de temperatura, meio de cultura e tempo de incubação ideais para germinação de grãos de pólen do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), com a finalidade de adequar o método de avaliação da interferência de agrotóxicos. A temperatura de 28 + 0,5oC e o meio com 50 g/L de sacarose; 0,2 g/L de ácido bórico e 1,0 g/L de nitrato de cálcio forneceram as melhores condições para germinação dos grãos de pólen do maracujazeiro. Não detectou-se efeito significativo do tempo de incubação (17 e 48 horas) na germinação dos grãos de pólen. A percentagem de germinação dos grãos de pólen não foi prejudicada pelo acaricida Dicofol + Tetradifon e pelos inseticidas Cartap, Fenpropathrin e Abamectin. Os demais agrotóxicos afetaram a germinação dos grãos de pólen. Os inseticidas Malathion, Fenthion, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion, Deltamethrine, Parathion Methyl e o espalhante adesivo N-dodecil benzeno de sulfato de sódio reduziram moderadamente a germinação, enquanto o Ethion e o Lambdacyhalothrin interferiram severamente na germinação dos grãos de pólen.Temperature, culture medium, incubation period and pH for yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) pollen germination, as well the effect of agrotoxics were studied. Temperature of 28 ± 0.5°C, culture medium with 50 g/L of sacarose, 0.2 g/L of boric acid and 1.0 g/L of calcium nitrate showed better germination of P. edulis f. flavicarpa pollen. No effect of the incubation period (17 and 48 hours) was registered for pollen germination of this plant. Percentage of pollen germination of P. edulis f. flavicarpa was not affected by the acaricid Dicofol + Tetradifon and by the insecticides Cartap, Fenpropathrin, and Abamectin. There was a small reduction in pollen germination in the presence of insecticides Malathion, Fenthion, Thrichorfon, Vamidothion, Deltamethrin, Methyl Parathion and the spreader-sticker N-dodecil benzen sodium sulphate. Ethion and Lambdacyhalothrin had severe effect on pollen germination of this plant

Simultaneous selection in progenies of yellow passion fruit using selection indices

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of simultaneous selection (selection indices) using estimated genetic gains in yellow passion fruit and to make a comparison between the methodologies of Mulamba & Mock and Elston. The study was conducted with 26 sib progenies of yellow passion fruit for intrinsic production characteristics including fruit number, fruit mass, fruit length and diameter, and for the fruit characteristics skin thickness, soluble solids and acidity. Two methodologies were applied: first, in the joint analysis of fruit characteristics and of intrinsic production characteristics in a single phase of selection; and second, in the analysis in two phases, in which priority was given to the intrinsic production characteristics in the first phase, and later, in the second phase, the best fruit characteristics were chosen among the progenies of the first phase. The analysis of variance was applied to the data to detect genetic variability among progenies. The Elston's selection indice was unable to provide distribution of genetic gains consistent with the purposes of the study, as it selected a single progeny of passion fruit. However, the index based on the sum of ranks of Mulamba & Mock was more suitable, as it provided a balanced distribution of gains, selecting a larger number of progenies. The methodology of selection using indices is advantageous in passion fruit, since it contributes to higher genetic gains for all the traits evaluated, and the selection in a single phase was proved efficient for progeny selectionEste trabalho objetivou a verificação da eficiência da seleção simultânea (índices de seleção), por meio dos ganhos genéticos estimados, e pela comparação das metodologias de Mulamba & Mock e de Elston. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, avaliando-se 26 progênies de irmãos germanos de maracujazeiro-azedo, para as características intrínsecas da produção, tais como: número de frutos, peso do fruto, comprimento e diâmetro do fruto; e para as características do fruto, como: espessura de casca, teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez. As duas metodologias foram aplicadas, primeiro, na análise conjunta das características do fruto e das características intrínsecas da produção, em um único momento de seleção, e, segundo, na análise em dois momentos, na qual priorizaram-se as características intrínsecas da produção, no primeiro momento, e, posteriormente, no segundo momento, escolheram-se, entre as progênies selecionadas do primeiro momento, as melhores para características do fruto. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, a fim de se verificar a existência de variabilidade genética entre as progênies. Verificou-se que a utilização do índice de seleção de Elston não foi capaz de proporcionar distribuição de ganhos, condizentes com os propósitos do trabalho, ao selecionar uma única progênie de maracujazeiro. O índice baseado na soma de 'ranks' de Mulamba & Mock revelou-se mais adequado, pois promoveu distribuição de ganhos equilibrada, selecionando maior número de progênies. A metodologia de seleção por índices é vantajosa em maracujazeiro, uma vez que contribui para maiores ganhos totais para os caracteres avaliados, sendo que a estratégia de seleção em um único momento revelou-se eficiente na seleção das progêniesMultivariate analysis Genetic gains in plant breedin

Seleção precoce de maracujazeiro pelo uso da correlação entre dados de produção mensal e anual

The objective of this work was to determine the sampling seasons of productivity and yield components, in passion fruit, that should allow early selection for superior genotypes. One hundred eleven genotypes of yellow passion fruit, from South and Southeast Brazil, were evaluated during two consecutive years. Variables were assessed monthly for: yield per plant, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight. The monthly and annual data of these variables were correlated to total yield accumulated in the two years. Among the monthly data, the third month provided the best correlation with the accumulated data. Positive and negative selections were simulated with the third month data and compared with selection based on the two years accumulated data. The data from the third month of the first year were adequate for fruit weight selection, but number of fruits and yield per plant would be better selected with data from the third month of the second year.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar épocas de avaliação da produtividade e de componentes da produção que permitam selecionar precocemente genótipos superiores de maracujazeiro. Foram avaliados111 acessos de maracujazeiro amarelo, do Sul e Sudeste brasileiros, durante duas safras consecutivas. Avaliaram-se, mensalmente, as variáveis produção por planta, número de frutos por planta e peso médio de frutos. Os valores mensais e anuais dessas variáveis foram correlacionados à produção total acumulada em dois anos. Entre os dados mensais, os do terceiro mês tiveram a melhor correlação com os dados acumulados.Seleções positivas e negativas foram simuladas com os dados do terceiro mês e comparadas à seleção feita combase nos dados acumulados em dois anos. Os dados do terceiro mês da primeira safra foram adequados para a seleção quanto ao peso de frutos, mas as variáveis número de frutos e produtividade por planta seriam melhor selecionadas com os dados do terceiro mês da segunda safra

Avaliação da repetibilidade no melhoramento de famílias de maracujazeiro

Tem-se procurado definir, em programas de melhoramento, o período mínimo de avaliações para comparação de genótipos, o qual é de longo prazo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar o coeficiente de repetibilidade, por meio de análise de variância e de métodos multivariados, das características físicas e químicas importantes no processo de seleção de frutos do maracujazeiro, para uma predição acurada e eficiente. Houve concordância nas magnitudes dos coeficientes de repetibilidade obtidas pelos diferentes métodos, conferindo-lhes maior confiabilidade. As estimativas do coeficiente de repetibilidade obtidas pelo método da análise de variância foram sempre menores do que as estimativas obtidas pelos demais métodos. Os resultados demonstraram que há confiabilidade de 80% no processo seletivo a partir de 10 medições nas características avaliadas.Breeding programs seek to determine the minimum period of genotype evaluation, which is a long term process. This study aimed to estimate the repeatability coefficient, using analysis of variance and multivariate methods of physical and chemical characteristics that are important for passion-fruit selection to achieve accurate and efficient predictions. There was agreement on the magnitude of the repeatability coefficients obtained by different methods, increasing their reliability. The estimates of the repeatability coefficient obtained by the analysis of variance were always lower than those obtained by other methods. The results showed that there is 80% confiability in the selection process from 10 measurements taken on the evaluated traits

Characterization of white-fleshed peach cultivars grown in the ‘Zona da Mata’ area of Minas Gerais State, Brazil

There are few information on the physical and chemical characteristics of peach fruit in subtropical climate regions and the majority of the studies were developed in the southern region of Brazil. In this study, physical and chemical characteristics of 12 white-fleshed peach cultivars (Cristal, Cristal Tacoari, Colibri, Delicioso Precoce, Jóia 1, Jóia 2, Jóia 4, Marli, Okinawa, Pérola de Itaquera, Premier and Tropical) were evaluated. The cultivars were planted in the experimental orchard of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa – MG, Brazil. The experiment was conducted during the 2011 harvest season, in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments (cultivars), three replications and 10 fruits per plot. The cultivars Delicioso Precoce and Marli showed, in general, higher mass and fruit diameter. Fruits of cultivars Jóia 2 and Tropical presented higher firmness. Cultivar Tropical stood out with better balance between acidity and soluble solids and higher vitamin C and carotenoids contents.There are few information on the physical and chemical characteristics of peach fruit in subtropical climate regions and the majority of the studies were developed in the southern region of Brazil. In this study, physical and chemical characteristics of 12 white-fleshed peach cultivars (Cristal, Cristal Tacoari, Colibri, Delicioso Precoce, Jóia 1, Jóia 2, Jóia 4, Marli, Okinawa, Pérola de Itaquera, Premier and Tropical) were evaluated. The cultivars were planted in the experimental orchard of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa – MG, Brazil. The experiment was conducted during the 2011 harvest season, in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments (cultivars), three replications and 10 fruits per plot. The cultivars Delicioso Precoce and Marli showed, in general, higher mass and fruit diameter. Fruits of cultivars Jóia 2 and Tropical presented higher firmness. Cultivar Tropical stood out with better balance between acidity and soluble solids and higher vitamin C and carotenoids contents