Actividad antifúngica de extractos de plantas contra cepas de Microsporum canis y Candida spp.

Con el objetivo de encontrar compuestos fitoterapéuticos para tratar las infecciones por hongos de los animales, plantas que se encuentran comúnmente en el noreste de Brasil se evaluaron in vitro frente a cepas de Microsporum canis y Candida spp. aisladas de perros y gatos. Los extractos etanólicos de hojas de Momordica charantia, Calotropis procera, Peschiera affinis y Piper tuberculatum y la decocción de Mangifera índica fueron evaluados inicialmente por el método de difusión en pocillos de agar. Cuatro extractos indujeron zonas de inhibición del crecimiento contra M. canis: P. tuberculatum (20 mm), M. índica (14 mm), M. charantia (13 mm) y P. affinis (11 mm). Ninguno de ellos fue activo contra Candida spp. Se realizaron pruebas de microdilución en caldo para las cepas de M. canis (n = 5), para encontrar la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CIM) y la concentración fungicida mínima (CFM). Las medias geométricas de los valores de CIM fueron 590, 370, 350, 170 mg/ml, y para los valores de CFM fueron 1.190, 750, 700, 340 mg/ml de M. charantia, P. affinis, P. tuberculatum y M. indica, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, los extractos de M. charantia, P. affinis, P. tuberculatum y M. indica son buenos candidatos para la producción de fitoterápicos antifúngicos ya que estos extractos demostraron una buena actividad contra M. canis

Fauna of euglossina (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from southwestern Amazonia, Acre, Brazil

Male orchid bees were collected between December 2005 and September 2006 in 11 forest areas of different sizes in the region of Rio Branco, Acre, Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. The bees were attracted by 6 aromatic compounds and collected by insect nets and scent baited traps. A total of 3,675 males of Euglossina in 4 genera and 36 species were collected. Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) was the most common (24.6%), followed by Eulaema meriana (Olivier) (14.6%), Euglossa amazonica Dressler (10.5%), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (10.5%) and Eulaema pseudocingulata (Oliveira) (7.2%). Cineole was the scent that attracted the greatest number of individuals (23.8%) and methyl salicylate the greatest number of species (28) for both methods of sampling. Thirty one bees of 9 species with pollinar orchid attached to their bodies were collected. The accumulative number of species stabilized after the 48th collection. Few species were abundant; the great majority were represented by less than 50 bees. The lack of standardized sample protocols limited very much the conclusions derived from comparisons among the majority of studies on Euglossina assemblages. However, the results presented here suggest that the State of Acre is very rich in those bees compared to other regions.Machos de abelhas Euglossina foram coletados entre dezembro de 2005 e setembro de 2006 em 11 áreas florestais de diferentes tamanhos na região de Rio Branco, Acre, Amazônia Sul-Ocidental. As abelhas foram atraídas por 6 substâncias odoríferas e coletadas com rede entomológica e armadilhas. Um total de 3.675 machos de Euglossina pertencentes a 4 gêneros e 36 espécies foi coletado. Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) foi a espécie mais comum (24,6%), seguida por Eulaema meriana (Olivier) (14,6%), Euglossa amazonica Dressler (10,5%), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (10,5%) e Eulaema pseudocingulata (Oliveira) (7,2%). Cineol foi a substância que atraiu maior número de indivíduos (23,8%) e metil salicilato o maior número de espécies (28) para ambos os métodos de coleta. Foram coletados 31 indivíduos pertencentes a 9 espécies portando polinários. O número acumulado de espécies coletadas na região estabilizou a partir da 48ª coleta. Poucas espécies foram abundantes, a maioria representada por menos que 50 indivíduos. A falta de um protocolo amostral padronizado tem limitado comparações entre trabalhos realizados em diferentes regiões. Contudo, os resultados aqui apresentados indicam que o Acre apresenta elevada riqueza dessas abelhas

Preparation And Initial Characterization Of Inclusion Complex Between Nitrofurazone And 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin [preparação E Caracterização Inicial De Complexo De Inclusão Entre Nitrofurazona E 2-hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina]

Nitrofurazone (NF), 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, has reported toxic effects and low solubility in water. It would be of great interest to form inclusion complexes between NF and a cyclodextrin, to develop more effective and safer antibiotic formulations. This paper focuses on the preparation of inclusion complexes of NF with 2-hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and their initial characterization by evaluating rates of complex formation, photostability, solubility isotherms, release rate profiles, stoichiometry of the complexes and their morphology, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The kinetic tests of complex formation revealed that 17,3 h is enough for stabilization of the NF-cyclodextrin complex. The solubility isotherm studies showed that the isotherm changes from type A to type B, as a function of temperature. The photostability experiments showed that the insertion of the NF in the HP-β-CD cavity protects the drug from photodecomposition. The release kinetic tests showed that the profile of NF release from the complex is altered by the presence of HP-β-CD in the medium. A Job's plot indicated that the stoichiometry of the complex was 1:1 NF:HP-β-CD. The scanning electron micrographs showed changes in the crystal structure of NF in the complex. 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Physico-chemical Characterization Of Inclusion Complex Between Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone And Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin [caracterização Físico-química De Complexo De Inclusão Entre Hidroximetilnitrofurazona E Hidroxipropil-β- Ciclodextrina]

Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a prodrug that is active against Trypanosoma cruzi. It however presents low solubility and high toxicity. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) can be used as a drug-delivery system for NFOH modifying its physico-chemical properties. The aim of this work is to characterize the inclusion complex between NFOH and HP-β-CD. The rate of NFOH release decreases after complexation and thermodynamic parameters from the solubility isotherm studies revealed that a stable complex is formed (ΔG° = - 1.7 kJ/mol). This study focuses on the physico-chemical characterization of a drug-delivery formulation that comes out as a potentially new therapeutic option for Chagas disease treatment.312290295Dias, J.C.P., (1999) Parasitologia humana e seus fundamentos gerais, , Atheneu Ed, São PauloAndrade, Z.A., (1999) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 94, p. 71Brener, Z., Andrade, Z., Barral-Netto, M.E., (2000) Trypanosoma cruzi e doença de Chagas, , Brener, Z, Zilton, A. A, Barral-Neto, M, eds, 2a ed, Guanabara Koogan: Rio de JaneiroSchmuñis, G., Em ref, A., , 3Urbina, J.A., Docampo, R., (2003) Trends Parasitol, 19, p. 495Coura, J.R., Castro, S.L.A., (2002) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 97, p. 3Gonçalves, M.F., Chung, M.C., Colli, W., Miranda, M.T.M., Ferreira, E.I., (1994) Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop, 27, p. 164Chung, M.C., (1996) Tese de Doutorado, , Universidade de São Paulo, BrasilGuido, R.V.C., Ferreira, E.I., Nassute, J.C., Varanda, E.A., Chung, M.C., (2001) Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm, 22, p. 319Chung, M.C., Guido, R.V.C., Martinelli, T.F., Gonçalves, M.F., Polli, M.C., Botelho, K.C.A., Varanda, E.A., Ferreira, E.I., (2003) Bioorg. Med. Chem, 11, p. 4779Amidon, G.L., Lennernäs, H., Shah, V.P., Crison, J.R., (1995) Pharm. Res, 12, p. 413Liu, R., (2000) Water Insoluble Drug Formulation, , Interpharm/CRC Press:New YorkDavis, M.E., Brewster, M.E., (2004) Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery, 3, p. 1023de Araújo, D.R., Pinto, L.M.A., Braga, A.F.A., de Paula, E., (2003) Rev. Bras. Anestesiol, 53, p. 663Frömming, K.H., Szejtli, J., (1994) Topics in Inclusion Science - Cyclodextrins in Pharmacy, Kluwer Academic Publishers: Hungriade Azevedo, M.B.M., Alderete, J.B., Rodriguez, J.A., Souza, A.O., Rettori, D., Torsoni, M.A., Faljoni-Alario, A., Duran, N., (2000) J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem, 37, p. 93Connors, K.A., (1997) Chem. Rev, 97, p. 1325Ismaili, L., André, C., Nicod, L., Mozer, J.L., Millet, J., Refouvelet, B., Makki, S., Guillaume, Y.C., (2003) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol, 26, p. 871Ravelet, C., Ravel, A., Grosset, C., Villet, A., Geze, A., Wouessidjewe, D., Peyrin, E., (2002) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol, 25, p. 421Ravelet, C., Geze, A., Villet, A., Grosset, C., Ravel, A., Wouessidjewe, D., Peyrin, E., (2002) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 29, p. 425Paavola, A., Yliruusi, J., Kajimoto, Y., Kalso, E., Wahlström, T., Rosenberg, P., (1997) Pharm. Res, 1995, p. 12de Araújo, D.R., Fraceto, L.F., Braga, A.F.A., de Paula, E., (2005) Rev. Bras. Anestesiol, 55, p. 316Pinto, L.M.A., Fraceto, L.F., Santana, M.H.A., Pertinhez, T.A., Oyama Junior, S., de Paula, E., (2005) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 30, p. 956de Jesus, M.B., Pinto, L.M.A., Fraceto, L.F., Takahata, Y., Lino, A.C.S., Jaime, C., de Paula, E., (2006) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 41, p. 1428Matioli, G., (2000) Ciclodextrinas e suas aplicações em: Alimentos, fármacos, cosméticos, agricultura, biotecnologia, química analítica e produtos gerais, EDUEM, , MaringáDodziuk, H., (2006) Cyclodextrins and their complexes, , Wiley-VCH: GermanySzejtli, J., (1996) Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, , Pergamon: OxfordMásson, M., Loftsson, T., Másson, G., Stefánsson, E., (1999) J. Controlled Release, 59, p. 107Bekers, O., Uijtendaal, E.V., Beijnen, J.H., Bult, A., Underberg, W.J.M., (1991) Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm, 17, p. 1503Flood, K.G., Reynolds, E.R., Snow, N.H., (2000) J. Chromatogr., A, 903, p. 49Tong, W.Q., Lach, J.L., Chin, T.F., Guillory, J.K., (1991) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 9, p. 1139Stalcup, A.M., Chang, S.S., Armstrong, D.W., Pitha, J.J., (1990) J. Chromatogr., A, 513, p. 181Morin, N., Guillaume, Y.C., Peyrin, E., Rouland, J.C., (1998) J. Chromatogr., A, 808, p. 51Del Valle, E.M.M., (2004) Process Biochem, 39, p. 1033Moraes, C.M., Abrami, P., de Paula, E., Braga, A.F.A., Fraceto, L.F., (2007) Int. J. Pharm, 331, p. 99Langerman, L., Grant, G.J., Zakowski, M., Golomb, E., Ramanathan, S., Turndorf, H., (1992) Anesth. Analg, 75, p. 900Mowat, J.J., Mok, M.J., MacLeod, B.A., Madden, T.D., (1996) Anesthesiology, 85, p. 635Moraes, C.M., Abrami, P., Gonçalves, M.M., Andreo-Filho, N., Fernandes, S.A., de Paula, E., Fraceto, L.F., (2007) Quim. Nova, 30, p. 777Moraes, C.M., Abrami, P., de Araújo, D.R., Braga, A.F.A., Issa, M.G., Ferraz, H.G., de Paula, E., Fraceto, L.F., (2007) J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem, 57, p. 313Moraes, C.M., Abrami, P., Braga, A.F.A., de Paula, E., Fraceto, L.F., (2007) Int. J. Pharm, 331, p. 9