O Contrato Didático a partir da aplicação de uma sequência didática para o Ensino de Progressão Aritmética

Este artigo resulta de uma dissertação de mestrado que teve por objetivo investigar as negociações do contrato didático, realizadas entre professora e alunos na aplicação de uma sequência didática previamente elaborada para o ensino de Progressão Aritmética (P.A.). A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro etapas: elaboração da sequência didática; análise preliminar; apresentação da proposta à professora; aplicação da sequência. A sequência didática elaborada buscou contemplar as fases propostas por Brousseau na tipologia das Situações Didáticas (situação de ação, formulação, validação e institucionalização), visando possibilitar sua aplicação de acordo com um contrato didático do tipo aproximativo, que é aquele em que a postura ativa do aluno na construção do conhecimento é valorizada. Os resultados apontaram que, embora tivéssemos proposto uma sequência para ser aplicada conforme um contrato didático do tipo aproximativo, negociações, rupturas e renegociações de regras de contrato didático foram feitas ao longo do desenvolvimento da sequência. Acreditamos que essas rupturas das regras estabelecidas foram motivadas por marcas de contrato didático anteriores, ou seja, pelas regras implícitas e explícitas a que professora e alunos estavam habituados.

O contrato didático a partir da aplicação de uma sequência didática para o ensino de progressão aritmética

Este artigo resulta de uma dissertação de mestrado que teve por objetivo investigar as negociações do contrato didático, realizadas entre professora e alunos na aplicação de uma sequência didática previamente elaborada para o ensino de progressão aritmética (P.A.). A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro etapas: elaboração da sequência didática; análise preliminar; apresentação da proposta à professora; aplicação da sequência. A sequência didática elaborada buscou contemplar as fases propostas por Brousseau na tipologia das situações didáticas (situação de ação, formulação, validação e institucionalização), visando possibilitar sua aplicação de acordo com um contrato didático do tipo aproximativo, que é aquele em que a postura ativa do aluno na construção do conhecimento é valorizada. Os resultados apontaram que, embora tivéssemos proposto uma sequência para ser aplicada conforme um contrato didático do tipo aproximativo, negociações, rupturas e renegociações de regras de contrato didático foram feitas ao longo do desenvolvimento da sequência. Acreditamos que essas rupturas das regras estabelecidas foram motivadas por marcas de contrato didático anteriores, ou seja, pelas regras implícitas e explícitas a que professora e alunos estavam habituados

O estudo das células no ensino médio: desafios e possibilidades

A Biologia Celular é uma área da Biologia que possibilita conhecer a forma, a função e a localização das diferentes células que formam os seres vivos. Entretanto, quando esse estudo é abordado na educação básica, pode ser um desafio para os professores, em especial para aqueles de escolas públicas e com poucos recursos disponíveis para o processo de ensino, o que pode tornar o conteúdo abstrato. Contudo, é imprescindível que os estudantes da educação básica, sobretudo, do ensino médio, tenham conhecimentos acerca das diferentes células que formam o corpo humano, para compreender a relação das células com a reprodução humana, transplante de órgãos, doação e recebimento de sangue, bem como, com a manifestação de algumas doenças como o câncer. Por esta razão, o objetivo desse trabalho foi favorecer o conhecimento, a compreensão e a importância do estudo das células, relacionando o conteúdo ao cotidiano dos estudantes. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, utilizou-se o construtivismo, que insere os estudantes no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. O presente estudo foi realizado de fevereiro a abril de 2023, em duas escolas estaduais de Manaus, com estudantes do 1° ano do ensino médio. Visando favorecer uma educação construtivista e significativa para os estudantes, o trabalho consistiu nas seguintes etapas: aulas expositivas dialogadas, estudo dirigido e pesquisas, produção de um álbum de células do corpo humano, elaboração de um livreto e de representações de células com massa de modelar. As atividades foram diversificadas, de modo a garantir a reflexão e autonomia nas atividades individuais, e a cooperação e troca de ideias e articulações nas atividades em grupos, propiciando o trabalho em equipe e o desenvolvimento social dos estudantes. Os trabalhos desenvolvidos foram expostos para a comunidade escolar, de modo a promover o espírito de pertencimento, autoconfiança e troca de conhecimentos entre os estudantes

Rights of people with mental disorders: The perspective of caregivers

Este é um estudo empírico de abordagem qualitativa com o objetivo de identificar a compreensão de profissionais de saúde sobre os direitos humanos fundamentais das pessoas com transtornos mentais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 26 profissionais de diversas categorias que participam do processo de internação dos usuários em um hospital especializado do interior paulista. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e interpretadas por meio de análise de conteúdo temática. Três unidades temáticas foram obtidas: profissionais de saúde mental e os direitos humanos das pessoas com transtornos mentais; conhecimento sobre os direitos humanos e o exercício da cidadania pelas pessoas com transtornos mentais; e atitudes profissionais com relação aos direitos humanos das pessoas com transtornos mentais. Concluiu-se que os profissionais reconheceram os direitos civis, políticos e sociais dos usuários, em especial o direito ao atendimento em saúde adequado e humanizado, à informação, à igualdade e à dignidade. Os profissionais afirmaram que a consciência sobre os direitos humanos permite cobrar e exigir sua garantia e respeito. Alguns trabalhadores admitiram seu papel de educadores quanto a esses direitos. Houve conexão entre conhecimento, conscientização e respeito aos direitos. Por outro lado, a falta de conhecimento e de compressão sobre os direitos e a falta de preparo dos trabalhadores pode interferir nas relações interpessoais no serviço, e a maioria deles presenciou situações de violações aos direitos humanos fundamentais.An empirical study with a qualitative approach which has the objective of identifying the understanding of health professionals about the fundamental human rights of people with mental disorders. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 26 professionals from different categories who participate in the process of hospitalization of the patients in a specialized hospital in São Paulo countryside. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and interpreted through thematic content analysis. Three thematic units were obtained: mental health professionals and the human rights of people with mental disorders; knowledge about human rights and the exercise of citizenship by people with mental disorders; and professional attitudes towards the human rights of people with mental disorders. It was concluded that professionals recognized the civil, political and social rights of patients, especially the right to adequate and humane health care, information, equality and dignity. Professionals said that awareness of human rights allows them to collect and demand the assurance and respect of such rights. Some workers admitted their role as educators regarding these rights. There was a connection between knowledge, awareness and respect of rights. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge and understanding of rights and the lack of instruction of workers may interfere with interpersonal relations within the service, and most of the respondents witnessed situations of violations of fundamental human rights

Musculoskeletal manifestations in children with Behçet's syndrome: data from the AIDA Network Behçet's Syndrome Registry

This study aims to describe musculoskeletal manifestations (MSM) in children with Behçet's syndrome (BS), their association with other disease manifestations, response to therapy, and long-term prognosis. Data were retrieved from the AIDA Network Behçet's Syndrome Registry. Out of a total of 141 patients with juvenile BS, 37 had MSM at disease onset (26.2%). The median age at onset was 10.0 years (IQR 7.7). The median follow-up duration was 21.8 years (IQR 23.3). Recurrent oral (100%) and genital ulcers (67.6%) and pseudofolliculitis (56.8%) were the most common symptoms associated with MSM. At disease onset, 31 subjects had arthritis (83.8%), 33 arthralgia (89.2%), and 14 myalgia (37.8%). Arthritis was monoarticular in 9/31 cases (29%), oligoarticular in 10 (32.3%), polyarticular in 5 (16.1%), axial in 7 (22.6%). Over time, arthritis became chronic-recurrent in 67.7% of cases and 7/31 patients had joint erosions (22.6%). The median Behçet's Syndrome Overall Damage Index was 0 (range 0-4). Colchicine was inefficacious for MSM in 4/14 cases (28.6%), independently from the type of MSM (p = 0.46) or the concomitant therapy (p = 0.30 for cDMARDs, p = 1.00 for glucocorticoids); cDMARDs and bDMARDs were inefficacious for MSM in 6/19 (31.4%) and 5/12 (41.7%) cases. The presence of myalgia was associated with bDMARDs inefficacy (p = 0.014). To conclude, MSM in children with BS are frequently associated with recurrent ulcers and pseudofolliculitis. Arthritis is mostly mono- or oligoarticular, but sacroiliitis is not unusual. Prognosis of this subset of BS is overall favorable, though the presence of myalgia negatively affects response to biologic therapies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05200715 (registered on December 18, 2021)

Floating macro litter in European rivers - top items

The JRC exploratory project RIMMEL provides information about litter, mainly plastic waste, entering the European Seas through river systems. RIMMEL has collected data on riverine floating macro litter inputs to the sea. Data acquisition was based on the Riverine Litter Observation Network (RiLON) activities, which collected data from rivers in the European marine basins over a period of one year (September 2016 – September 2017). Data was collected by visual observations and documented with the JRC Floating Litter Monitoring Application for mobile devices, allowing a harmonized reporting, compatible with the MSFD Master List of Categories for Litter Items. This report includes the Top Items lists of riverine floating macro litter, based on the total amount of litter items identified during RiLON activities and ranked by abundance. Top Items lists have been elaborated considering the whole database for the European Seas and further detailed for each individual European regional sea: Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and North-East Atlantic. The North-East Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea regions showed similar litter categories in their Top 20 Items. These two regions provided most of the available data, influencing the general Top Items list. In the Black Sea and Baltic Sea regions, where data availability was limited, the Top Items lists showed more differences among the different regions. Overall, the general Top Items list for the European Seas showed a predominance of plastic item categories (artificial polymer materials). As a whole, plastic items made up to 80.8% of all objects, with plastic and polystyrene fragments comprising 45% of the identified items in the database. Additionally, Single Use Plastics such as bottles, cover/packaging and bags were also ranked among the most frequently found floating litter. The similarities in the Top 10 and Top 20 items for the different regions, and the appearance of Single Use Plastics scoring high in the ranking, support the need for common actions against plastic pollution at EU level.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

Prognostic indicators and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients with neurological disease: An individual patient data meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Neurological COVID-19 disease has been reported widely, but published studies often lack information on neurological outcomes and prognostic risk factors. We aimed to describe the spectrum of neurological disease in hospitalised COVID-19 patients; characterise clinical outcomes; and investigate factors associated with a poor outcome. METHODS: We conducted an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of hospitalised patients with neurological COVID-19 disease, using standard case definitions. We invited authors of studies from the first pandemic wave, plus clinicians in the Global COVID-Neuro Network with unpublished data, to contribute. We analysed features associated with poor outcome (moderate to severe disability or death, 3 to 6 on the modified Rankin Scale) using multivariable models. RESULTS: We included 83 studies (31 unpublished) providing IPD for 1979 patients with COVID-19 and acute new-onset neurological disease. Encephalopathy (978 [49%] patients) and cerebrovascular events (506 [26%]) were the most common diagnoses. Respiratory and systemic symptoms preceded neurological features in 93% of patients; one third developed neurological disease after hospital admission. A poor outcome was more common in patients with cerebrovascular events (76% [95% CI 67-82]), than encephalopathy (54% [42-65]). Intensive care use was high (38% [35-41]) overall, and also greater in the cerebrovascular patients. In the cerebrovascular, but not encephalopathic patients, risk factors for poor outcome included breathlessness on admission and elevated D-dimer. Overall, 30-day mortality was 30% [27-32]. The hazard of death was comparatively lower for patients in the WHO European region. INTERPRETATION: Neurological COVID-19 disease poses a considerable burden in terms of disease outcomes and use of hospital resources from prolonged intensive care and inpatient admission; preliminary data suggest these may differ according to WHO regions and country income levels. The different risk factors for encephalopathy and stroke suggest different disease mechanisms which may be amenable to intervention, especially in those who develop neurological symptoms after hospital admission

Prognostic indicators and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients with neurological disease: An individual patient data meta-analysis.

BackgroundNeurological COVID-19 disease has been reported widely, but published studies often lack information on neurological outcomes and prognostic risk factors. We aimed to describe the spectrum of neurological disease in hospitalised COVID-19 patients; characterise clinical outcomes; and investigate factors associated with a poor outcome.MethodsWe conducted an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of hospitalised patients with neurological COVID-19 disease, using standard case definitions. We invited authors of studies from the first pandemic wave, plus clinicians in the Global COVID-Neuro Network with unpublished data, to contribute. We analysed features associated with poor outcome (moderate to severe disability or death, 3 to 6 on the modified Rankin Scale) using multivariable models.ResultsWe included 83 studies (31 unpublished) providing IPD for 1979 patients with COVID-19 and acute new-onset neurological disease. Encephalopathy (978 [49%] patients) and cerebrovascular events (506 [26%]) were the most common diagnoses. Respiratory and systemic symptoms preceded neurological features in 93% of patients; one third developed neurological disease after hospital admission. A poor outcome was more common in patients with cerebrovascular events (76% [95% CI 67-82]), than encephalopathy (54% [42-65]). Intensive care use was high (38% [35-41]) overall, and also greater in the cerebrovascular patients. In the cerebrovascular, but not encephalopathic patients, risk factors for poor outcome included breathlessness on admission and elevated D-dimer. Overall, 30-day mortality was 30% [27-32]. The hazard of death was comparatively lower for patients in the WHO European region.InterpretationNeurological COVID-19 disease poses a considerable burden in terms of disease outcomes and use of hospital resources from prolonged intensive care and inpatient admission; preliminary data suggest these may differ according to WHO regions and country income levels. The different risk factors for encephalopathy and stroke suggest different disease mechanisms which may be amenable to intervention, especially in those who develop neurological symptoms after hospital admission

The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015