Fitness training in fitness centres for football players

Tato bakalářská práce se snaží prokázat souvislost mezi posilovacím tréninkem ve fitness a výkonem fotbalistů. Zjišťuje, zda fotbalisté zařazují do svého tréninku posilovací trénink ve fitness. Zda je pro ně tento trénink přínosný a ovlivňuje jejich výkonnost ať už ve smyslu pozitivním či negativním. Pro zkoumání byl vytvořen dotazník, který byl následně rozeslán prostřednictvím několika aktivních hráčů fotbalu a jimi dále sířen pomocí internetových možností, jako jsou například sociální sítě a e-mail. Na základě jednotlivých odpovědí bylo vytvořeno grafické zpracování výsledků a jejich vyhodnocení.This bachelor's thesis attempts to establish a link between strength training in fitness and the performance of soccer players. It identifies, whether soccer players put into their training strength training in fitness. Whether this training is beneficial and affects their performance in a positive or negative way. For the purpose of examination there was a questionnaire created which was distributed among active soccer players via the Internet, using tools such as email and social networks. Based on the answers graphics processing results were created and they were evaluated.Katedra tělesné výchovyFaculty of EducationPedagogická fakult

Al Ghazali

In der islamischen Tradition gibt es eine Überlieferung, nach der zu Beginn eines jeden Jahrhunderts eine Person in Erscheinung tritt, um den Islam zu reinigen und zu beleben. Für den Jahrhundertwechsel vom 5. zum 6. Jahrhundert nach der Hedschra wird diese Rolle oft Abu Hamid Muhammad ben Muhammad al-Tusi al Gazali zugeschrieben. Die Jahre vor 500 n.H. waren eine Zeit geprägt von philosophischen und religiösen Konflikten. Zahlreiche neue Schulen, religiöse Gruppierungen und Sekten kämpften um ihre Vorrangstellung, in der Überzeugung im Besitz der einzigen und absoluten Wahrheit zu sein. Theologie und Philosophie lieferten sich einen Kampf um das Primat. Sowohl Theologie als auch Philosophie versuchten ihr Gegenstück sich unterzuordnen, indem man bestrebt war den anderen Bereich mit den eigenen wissenschaftlichen Methoden zu erklären und somit zu bagatellisieren und zu entzaubern. Durch diesen Konflikt entstand ein fruchtbarer Boden für das Herausbilden zahlreicher neuer Ideen und Gedankenwelten. Es sollte eine der auf geistiger Ebene ergiebigsten Perioden der islamischen Geistesgeschichte werden, eine Blütezeit für alles Philosophieren und Theologisieren. Zur gleichen Zeit tritt auch der Sufismus verstärkt in den Vordergrund. Durch die Tatsache, daß sich die dogmatische Theorie zunehmend in Details verrätselt, gewinnt die islamische Mystik an Gewicht. Die Menschen üben sich in Askese und Meditation und versuchen so Gott näher zu kommen, Gott zu "schauen". In diese Welt voll verschiedener Strömungen wird nun Al-Gazali hineingeboren. Im Laufe seines Lebens wird er versuchen alle verschiedenen Richtungen kennen zu lernen, um dann seinen Weg zu finden. Sein Leben war ein ewiges Suchen nach einer für ihn annehmbaren Wahrheit

Proseminararbeit: Al-Gazali

In der islamischen Tradition gibt es eine Überlieferung, nach der zu Beginn eines jeden Jahrhunderts eine Person in Erscheinung tritt, um den Islam zu reinigen und zu beleben. Für den Jahrhundertwechsel vom 5. zum 6. Jahrhundert nach der Hedschra wird diese Rolle oft Abu Hamid Muhammad ben Muhammad al-Tusi al Gazali zugeschrieben.Zur gleichen Zeit tritt auch der Sufismus verstärkt in den Vordergrund. Durch die Tatsache, daß sich die dogmatische Theorie zunehmend in Details verrätselt, gewinnt die islamische Mystik an Gewicht. Die Menschen üben sich in Askese und Meditation und versuchen so Gott näher zu kommen, Gott zu "schauen". In diese Welt voll verschiedener Strömungen wird nun Al-Gazali hineingeboren. Im Laufe seines Lebens wird er versuchen alle verschiedenen Richtungen kennen zu lernen, um dann seinen Weg zu finden. Sein Leben war ein ewiges Suchen nach einer für ihn annehmbaren Wahrheit

Synthesis and biological activity of α-galactosyl ceramide KRN7000 and galactosyl (α1→2) galactosyl ceramide

We herein report a faster and less cumbersome synthesis of the biologically attractive, α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer), known as KRN7000, and its analogues. More importantly, the use of a silicon tethered intramolecular glycosylation reaction gave easy access to the diglycosyl ceramide Gal(α1→2)GalCer, which has been shown to require uptake and processing to the biologically active α-GalCer derivative

New ways to turn on NKT cells

Godfrey and Rossjohn discuss the varied ways to turn on NKT cells in the context of recent findings

Shared and distinct transcriptional programs underlie the hybrid nature of iNKT cells

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that act as critical regulators of the immune response. To better characterize this population, we profiled iNKT cell gene expression during ontogeny and in peripheral subsets as part of the Immunological Genome Project (ImmGen). High-resolution comparative transcriptional analyses defined developmental and subset-specific iNKT cell gene expression programs. In addition, iNKT cells were found to share an extensive transcriptional program with natural killer (NK) cells, similar in magnitude to that shared with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells. Strikingly, the NK- iNKT program also operated constitutively in γδT cells and in adaptive T cells following activation. Together, our findings highlight a core effector program regulated distinctly in innate and adaptive lymphocytes

Benchmarking of hospital information systems: Monitoring of discharge letters and scheduling can reveal heterogeneities and time trends

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Monitoring of hospital information system (HIS) usage can provide insights into best practices within a hospital and help to assess time trends. In terms of effort and cost of benchmarking, figures derived automatically from the routine HIS system are preferable to manual methods like surveys, in particular for repeated analysis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Due to relevance for quality management and efficient resource utilization we focused on time-to-completion of discharge letters (assessed by CT-plots) and usage of patient scheduling. We analyzed these parameters monthly during one year at a major university hospital in Germany.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found several distinct patterns of discharge letter documentation indicating a large heterogeneity of HIS usage between different specialties (completeness 51 – 99%, delays 0 – 90 days). Overall usage of scheduling increased during the observation period by 62%, but again showed a considerable variation between departments.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Regular monitoring of HIS key figures can contribute to a continuous HIS improvement process.</p

Shared and distinct transcriptional programs underlie the hybrid nature of iNKT cells

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are innate-like T lymphocytes that act as critical regulators of the immune response. To better characterize this population, we profiled gene expression in iNKT cells during ontogeny and in peripheral subsets as part of the Immunological Genome Project. High-resolution comparative transcriptional analyses defined developmental and subset-specific programs of gene expression by iNKT cells. In addition, we found that iNKT cells shared an extensive transcriptional program with NK cells, similar in magnitude to that shared with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells. Notably, the program shared by NK cells and iNKT cells also operated constitutively in γδ T cells and in adaptive T cells after activation. Together our findings highlight a core effector program regulated distinctly in innate and adaptive lymphocytes

Polyclonal mucosa-associated invariant T cells have unique innate functions in bacterial infection

Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique population of αβ T cells in mammals that reside preferentially in mucosal tissues and express an invariant Vα paired with limited Vβ T-cell receptor (TCR) chains. Furthermore, MAIT cell development is dependent upon the expression of the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule MR1. Using in vitro assays, recent studies have shown that mouse and human MAIT cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) infected with diverse microbes, including numerous bacterial strains and yeasts, but not viral pathogens. However, whether MAIT cells play an important, and perhaps unique, role in controlling microbial infection has remained unclear. To probe MAIT cell function, we show here that purified polyclonal MAIT cells potently inhibit intracellular bacterial growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in macrophages (MΦ) in coculture assays, and this inhibitory activity was dependent upon MAIT cell selection by MR1, secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and an innate interleukin 12 (IL-12) signal from infected MΦ. Surprisingly, however, the cognate recognition of MR1 by MAIT cells on the infected MΦ was found to play only a minor role in MAIT cell effector function. We also report that MAIT cell-deficient mice had higher bacterial loads at early times after infection compared to wild-type (WT) mice, demonstrating that MAIT cells play a unique role among innate lymphocytes in protective immunity against bacterial infection

Role of innate T cells in anti-bacterial immunity

Innate T cells are a heterogeneous group of αβ and γδ T cells that respond rapidly (<2 h) upon activation. These innate T cells also share a non MHC class I or II restriction requirement for antigen recognition. Three major populations within the innate T cell group are recognized, namely, invariant NKT cells, mucosal associated invariant T cells, and gamma delta T cells. These cells recognize foreign/self-lipid presented by non-classical MHC molecules, such as CD1d, MR1, and CD1a. They are activated during the early stages of bacterial infection and act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review, we focus on the functional properties of these three innate T cell populations and how they are purposed for antimicrobial defense. Furthermore, we address the mechanisms through which their effector functions are targeted for bacterial control and compare this in human and murine systems. Lastly, we speculate on future roles of these cell types in therapeutic settings such as vaccination