Counseling Parents of Retarded Children

Editor\u27s Note: The material that follows was prepared simultaneously with that contained in the article, On Mentally Retarded Children and we feel it is repetitious only in ifs emphasis of the subject matter and its\u27 vital concern in today\u27s pattern of living. The Reading Guides should be of particular interest and a source of assistance to parents seeking advice and counsel

Summerview

Summerview is a thesis-length work of fiction in fulfillment of the requirements of the MFA program in Creative Writing. It is a story about a religious family with a disruptive event in its past. It is also about objects such as billboards. Everyone in the story lives in the United States of America and is afraid of something

Denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions from riparian forests soils exposed to prolonged nitrogen runoff

Compared to upland forests, riparian forest soils have greater potential to remove nitrate (NO3) from agricultural run-off through denitrification. It is unclear, however, whether prolonged exposure of riparian soils to nitrogen (N) loading will affect the rate of denitrification and its end products. This research assesses the rate of denitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from riparian forest soils exposed to prolonged nutrient run-off from plant nurseries and compares these to similar forest soils not exposed to nutrient run-off. Nursery run-off also contains high levels of phosphate (PO4). Since there are conflicting reports on the impact of PO4 on the activity of denitrifying microbes, the impact of PO4 on such activity was also investigated. Bulk and intact soil cores were collected from N-exposed and non-exposed forests to determine denitrification and N2O emission rates, whereas denitrification potential was determined using soil slurries. Compared to the non-amended treatment, denitrification rate increased 2.7- and 3.4-fold when soil cores collected from both N-exposed and non-exposed sites were amended with 30 and 60 μg NO3-N g-1 soil, respectively. Net N2O emissions were 1.5 and 1.7 times higher from the N-exposed sites compared to the non-exposed sites at 30 and 60 μg NO3-N g-1 soil amendment rates, respectively. Similarly, denitrification potential increased 17 times in response to addition of 15 μg NO3-N g-1 in soil slurries. The addition of PO4 (5 μg PO4–P g-1) to soil slurries and intact cores did not affect denitrification rates. These observations suggest that prolonged N loading did not affect the denitrification potential of the riparian forest soils; however, it did result in higher N2O emissions compared to emission rates from non-exposed forests

Emission of nitrous oxide from soils fertilized with anhydrous ammonia

Field studies of the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of N(,2)O from three Iowa soils showed that the N(,2)O emissions induced by application of 180 kg ha('-1) of fertilizer N as anhydrous ammonia greatly exceeded those induced by application of the same amount of fertilizer N as aqueous ammonia or urea. On the average, the emission of N(,2)O-N induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 13 times that induced by aqueous ammonia or urea and represented 1.2% of the anhydrous ammonia N applied. This confirms indications from previous work that anhydrous ammonia has a much greater effect on emission of N(,2)O from soils than do other commonly used fertilizers. Laboratory studies of the effect of different amounts of NH(,4)OH on emission of N(,2)O from Webster soil indicated that the exceptionally large emissions of N(,2)O induced by fertilization of soil with anhydrous ammonia are due, at least in part, to the fact that the customary method of applying this fertilizer by injection into soil produces highly alkaline soil zones of high ammonium-N concentration;Field experiments to determine the effects of rate and depth of fertilizer application on emission of N(,2)O from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the fertilizer-induced emission of N(,2)O-N in 116 days increased from 1.22 to 4.09 kg N(,2)O-N ha('-1) as the rate of anhydrous ammonia application increased from 75 to 450 kg N ha('-1), and that a 100% increase in the rate of anhydrous ammonia application led to a 60% increase in the emission of N(,2)O. These experiments also showed that the emission of N(,2)O-N induced by injection of anhydrous ammonia at a depth of 30 cm was greater than that induced by injection of the same amount of anhydrous ammonia N at a depth of 10 or 20 cm;Field studies showed that the N(,2)O emissions induced by fall or spring fertilization of soil with anhydrous ammonia (180 kg N ha('-1)) were markedly reduced by addition of a nitrification inhibitor (nitrapyrin) at the rate of 0.56 kg ha('-1) and indicated that nitrapyrin (N-Serve) has potential value for reduction of the N(,2)O emissions induced by N fertilization of soils and the possible adverse effects of these emissions on our climate.</p