Spatial Distribution, Genetic Diversity and Food Choice of Box Tree Moth (Cydalima perspectalis) in Croatia

Background and Purpose: Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis: Lepidoptera, Crambidae) is an invasive species rapidly spreading through Europe and making considerable damage to native and planted European box plants (Buxus sp.). It has up to three generations per year and has no natural enemies in Europe which helps it to spread rapidly and to become highly invasive in its new range. The aim of this paper is to show i) spatial distribution, ii) number of generations; iii) food choice, and iv) genetic distribution of box tree moth in Croatia. Materials and Methods: Occurrence data of box tree moth were obtained by field observation and data obtained from the general public. The number of generations of box tree moth was studied by direct observation of life stages on plants. Food choice test was conducted on Buxus sempervirens, Ilex aquifolium, Euonymus japonicus and Ligustrum vulgare used as food plants. Haplotype diversity and distribution of box tree moth was done for 5 localities in Croatia and their comparison to the haplotypes from China, Korea and 10 European countries. Results: Box tree moth has rapidly spread over the whole territory of Croatia in 4 years and it has three generations per year. The larvae showed a clear preference for B. sempervirens leaves and the total consumption was 0.5 g/dry weight of box leaves/larva. Three haplotypes were observed and haplotype HT4 was found in 4 out of 5 sampling sites in Croatia. The haplotypes observed in Croatia were present in China, which indicates Chinese origin of Croatian populations. Conclusions: Suitable European climate, widely available host plants and lack of natural enemies have enabled box tree moth to become highly invasive, to quickly disperse in its new environment and to make devastating damages to ornamental European box plants and hedges

Another Chapter in the History of the European Invasion by the Western Conifer Seed Bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis: The Iberian Peninsula

The Western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis, is native to North America and has already been considered a significant pest in several European countries since its first observation in Italy in 1999. In Spain and Portugal, it was recorded for the first time in 2003 and 2010, respectively, and its impact on Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) is of major concern. Before developing control measures for this insect pest, it is paramount to clarify its spatiotemporal dynamics of invasion. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to (a) characterise the genetic structure and diversity and (b) invasion pathways of L. occidentalis populations in the Iberian Peninsula. To do so, specimens of L. occidentalis were collected at fourteen sites widely distributed within the Iberian Peninsula. We used mtDNA sequences of Cytochrome b and eleven microsatellite markers to characterise the genetic diversity and the population structure in the Iberian Peninsula. Our genetic results combined with the observational dates strongly support a stratified expansion of L. occidentalis invasion in the Iberian Peninsula proceeding from multiple introductions, including at least one in Barcelona, one in Valencia, and one in the west coast or in the Southeastern region.Ana Farinha received support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P. (FCT-MCES) through a PhD scholarship (PD/BD/52403/2013). Manuela Branco is supported by the Forest Research Centre (CEF) (UIDB/00239/2020) and the Laboratory for Sustainable Land Use and Ecosystem Services—TERRA (LA/P/0092/2020) funded by FCT, Portugal. European Project H2020 “Adaptive breeding for productive, sustainable and resilient forests under climate change” (B4EST; grant agreement No. 773383). Cost action FP1203: European Non-Wood Forest Products Network (NWFPs), European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)

Extracellular ATP acts on P2Y2 purinergic receptors to facilitate HIV-1 infection

Contact with HIV-1 envelope protein elicits release of ATP through pannexin-1 channels on target cells; by activating purinergic receptors and Pyk2 kinase in target cells, this extracellular ATP boosts HIV-1 infectivity

Indentification des facteurs sous-tendant l'invasion fulgurante d'un insecte asiatique en Europe, la pyrale du buis : approche génétique et biologique

Since 1990, recently established non-native insect species appear to be spreading across Europesignificantly faster than before. The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, is a representative of such arapid spread. First observed in 2007, it spread across Europe to Asia Minor in a decade, damaging onBuxus plants in urban areas as well as in forests. The trade of ornamental box plants between Europeand China has been hypothesized as the invasion pathway of the insect while the trade betweenEuropean countries could explain its fast expansion. The biological traits of the moth may also havefavored its spread. To understand the factors involved in both its invasion and fast expansion, we useda multidisciplinary approach. First, the invasion routes were tentatively assessed using two geneticmarkers. Then, two biological traits, flight capacities and diapause, were studied because they may havepromote its spread. The genetic analyses clearly suggest an origin from Eastern China origin but alsocomplex invasion pathways. Two independent introduction events probably happened directly fromChina followed by bridgehead effects due to ornamental plant trade. The moth flight capacities areimportant but can only explain dispersal at local scale. Moreover, diapause termination was influencedby temperature, which may lead to an adapted number of generation depending on local climate. Thesebiological traits may have favored local invasions. However, our study suggests that human-mediateddispersal played a key role in the fast expansion of C. perspectalis across Europe and Asia Minor.Depuis les années 1990, on observe une accélération de la vitesse de propagation après établissementd’une grande partie des insectes introduits accidentellement en Europe. L’invasion fulgurante de lapyrale du buis, Cydalima perspectalis, est un exemple de ce phénomène. Observée pour la premièrefois en 2007 en Allemagne, elle s’est ensuite propagée jusqu’au Caucase en une décennie. Il a étérapidement supposé que le commerce de buis d’ornement entre les pays européens et la Chine auraitpermis son introduction tandis que l‘intensification des échanges commerciaux entre pays européensaurait facilité sa propagation à travers le continent. Cependant, certains traits biologiques de l’insecteont également pu favoriser son invasion. Pour mieux comprendre les facteurs impliqués dans soninvasion fulgurante, une approche pluridisciplinaire a été utilisée au cours de cette thèse. Tout d’abord,les routes d’invasion ont été appréhendées avec deux types de marqueurs génétiques. Puis, deux traitsbiologiques ayant pu favoriser son établissement et son expansion ont été étudiés : ses capacités devol et la diapause. Les résultats génétiques ont permis de cibler la partie côtière de la Chine commezone source probable, et suggèrent au moins deux introductions indépendantes depuis la Chine suivipar un phénomène tête de pont probablement lié au commerce d’ornement. Les capacités de volestimées sont élevées et expliqueraient la dispersion de l’insecte à l’échelle locale. De plus, la sortie dediapause influencée par la température a pu permettre l’adaptation du nombre de générations enfonction du climat annuel. Ces deux traits biologiques ont par conséquent dû favoriser son invasion àl’échelle locale mais il apparaît que les activités humaines, en particulier le commerce des plantesornementales, ont joué un rôle majeur dans son invasion fulgurante à large échelle en Europe et auCaucase

Identification of factors involved in the fast invasion of an Asiatic insect in Europe, the box tree moth : genetic and biological approach

Depuis les années 1990, on observe une accélération de la vitesse de propagation après établissementd’une grande partie des insectes introduits accidentellement en Europe. L’invasion fulgurante de lapyrale du buis, Cydalima perspectalis, est un exemple de ce phénomène. Observée pour la premièrefois en 2007 en Allemagne, elle s’est ensuite propagée jusqu’au Caucase en une décennie. Il a étérapidement supposé que le commerce de buis d’ornement entre les pays européens et la Chine auraitpermis son introduction tandis que l‘intensification des échanges commerciaux entre pays européensaurait facilité sa propagation à travers le continent. Cependant, certains traits biologiques de l’insecteont également pu favoriser son invasion. Pour mieux comprendre les facteurs impliqués dans soninvasion fulgurante, une approche pluridisciplinaire a été utilisée au cours de cette thèse. Tout d’abord,les routes d’invasion ont été appréhendées avec deux types de marqueurs génétiques. Puis, deux traitsbiologiques ayant pu favoriser son établissement et son expansion ont été étudiés : ses capacités devol et la diapause. Les résultats génétiques ont permis de cibler la partie côtière de la Chine commezone source probable, et suggèrent au moins deux introductions indépendantes depuis la Chine suivipar un phénomène tête de pont probablement lié au commerce d’ornement. Les capacités de volestimées sont élevées et expliqueraient la dispersion de l’insecte à l’échelle locale. De plus, la sortie dediapause influencée par la température a pu permettre l’adaptation du nombre de générations enfonction du climat annuel. Ces deux traits biologiques ont par conséquent dû favoriser son invasion àl’échelle locale mais il apparaît que les activités humaines, en particulier le commerce des plantesornementales, ont joué un rôle majeur dans son invasion fulgurante à large échelle en Europe et auCaucase.Since 1990, recently established non-native insect species appear to be spreading across Europesignificantly faster than before. The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, is a representative of such arapid spread. First observed in 2007, it spread across Europe to Asia Minor in a decade, damaging onBuxus plants in urban areas as well as in forests. The trade of ornamental box plants between Europeand China has been hypothesized as the invasion pathway of the insect while the trade betweenEuropean countries could explain its fast expansion. The biological traits of the moth may also havefavored its spread. To understand the factors involved in both its invasion and fast expansion, we useda multidisciplinary approach. First, the invasion routes were tentatively assessed using two geneticmarkers. Then, two biological traits, flight capacities and diapause, were studied because they may havepromote its spread. The genetic analyses clearly suggest an origin from Eastern China origin but alsocomplex invasion pathways. Two independent introduction events probably happened directly fromChina followed by bridgehead effects due to ornamental plant trade. The moth flight capacities areimportant but can only explain dispersal at local scale. Moreover, diapause termination was influencedby temperature, which may lead to an adapted number of generation depending on local climate. Thesebiological traits may have favored local invasions. However, our study suggests that human-mediateddispersal played a key role in the fast expansion of C. perspectalis across Europe and Asia Minor

A phenological model of the invasive box-tree moth Cydalima perspectalis

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A temperature- and photoperiod-driven model reveals complex temporal population dynamics of the invasive box tree moth in Europe

International audienc

A phenological model of the invasive box-tree moth Cydalima perspectalis

International audienceRecently, the number of insect species that were accidentally introduced increased mainly due to international trade of ornamental plants which provide major pathways to insects. One example of this phenomenon is the box-tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis. This insect is an important threat for ornamental and natural box trees in Europe. It was observed for the first time in Germany in 2007 and then spread across Europe and Caucasus Region. The aim of this work is to study the role the box-tree moth phenology on its spread in France. In addition, we test different control methods to stop the fast expansion of the box-tree moth. We constructed a phenological model with 4 compartments corresponding to the 4 stages of the box-tree moth: eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. We used biological data from Nacambo et al. (2014) that gives the degree-days needed to go from a stage to the next. The third and fourth instar enter diapause and we therefore analyzed the effect of diapause on the generations’ number, phenology of each stage and adult flight curve.We compared our results with some data collected in the field near Orléans, in France, in 2014 and 2015. Our model predicts field observations: (i) with diapause, there are 2 generations, and (ii) adult abundance is maximal in June and August.We extended the model to include several control methods. The aim is to give a decision-making tool. There are 3 available methods of control: insecticide, pheromone traps and biological control. Based on our model, we tested the impact of the number and the date of control campaigns and the control intensity. Insecticides and biological control give good results but not pheromone traps. Further work will test also the effects of combining several control methods

Annotation des relations causales dans un corpus de textes d’élèves d’école et collège

Colloque international à distanceInternational audienc

Annotation des relations causales dans un corpus de textes d’élèves d’école et collège

Colloque international à distanceInternational audienc