Весовые соотношения тимуса и надпочечников у антенатально погибших плодов

ТИМУСНАДПОЧЕЧНИКИтимомегалиядети первого года жизнидети раннего возрастаМЛАДЕНЕЦ, СМЕРТНОСТЬЭНДОКРИННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ БОЛЕЗНИСМЕРТНОСТЬ ДЕТСКАЯсиндром внезапной детской смерт

Supplementary Material for: Selected β-glucans act as immune-training agents by improving anti-mycobacterial activity in human macrophages - a pilot study.

Epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells by β-glucan in a process called trained immunity, leads to an enhanced host response to a secondary infection. β-glucans are structural components of plants, algae, fungi and bacteria and thus recognized as non-self by human macrophages. We selected the β-glucans curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, WGP dispersible from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and β-glucan-rich culture supernatant of Alternaria and investigated whether they could produce trained immunity effects leading to an increased control of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We observed a significant M. tuberculosis growth-reduction in macrophages trained with curdlan and Alternaria, which also correlated with increased IL-6 and IL-1β release. WGP dispersible-trained macrophages were stratified into ‘non responders’ and ‘responders’, according to their ability to control M. tuberculosis, with ‘responders’ producing higher IL-6 levels. The addition of neutrophils to infected macrophage cultures further enhanced macrophage control of virulent M. tuberculosis, but not in a stimuli-dependent manner. Pathway enrichment analysis of DNA methylome data also highlighted hypomethylation of genes in pathways associated with signaling and cellular reorganization and motility, and ‘responders’ to WGP-training were enriched in the interferon-gamma signaling pathway. This study adds evidence that certain β-glucans show promise as immune training agents

The Cording Phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces the Formation of Extracellular Traps in Human Macrophages

The causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, shares several characteristics with organisms that produce biofilms during infections. One of these is the ability to form tight bundles also known as cords. However, little is known of the physiological relevance of the cording phenotype. In this study, we investigated whether cord-forming M. tuberculosis induce the formation of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Macrophages have previously been shown to produce extracellular traps in response to various stimuli. We optimized bacterial culturing conditions that favored the formation of the cord-forming phenotype as verified by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy analysis of METs formation during experimental infection of macrophages with M. tuberculosis revealed that cord-forming M. tuberculosis induced significantly more METs compared to the non-cording phenotype. Deletion of early secreted antigenic target-6 which is an important virulence factor of M. tuberculosis, abrogated the ability of the bacteria to induce METs. The release of extracellular DNA from host cells during infection may represent a defense mechanism against pathogens that are difficult to internalize, including cord-forming M. tuberculosis.Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2012-3349, 2015-02593]; Swedish Heart Lung Foundation [20130685, 20150709]</p

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Fil: Roitbarg, Marcelo Ricardo&#91;dir.&#93;Fil: Capua, Juan Manuel.Fil: Lecumberri, Martín.Fil: Cores, Braian.Fil: González, Rogelio C..Fil: Torres, Héctor.Fil: Fiorani, Eduardo

Nutrient Intake and Body Composition in CrossFit Athletes: a Cross-sectional Study

Background: Nutritional composition of the athletes’ diet in relation to their training routine and body composition is critical in maintaining high performance levels during competitions. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the body composition and nutrient intake of CrossFit® athletes. Methods: Twenty-five Brazilian CrossFit® athletes (18–50 years old) were evaluated in this study. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. A portable ultrasound was used to assess body composition. Resting energy expenditure was evaluated by indirect calorimetry. To describe the nutrient intake, 175 diets prepared by nutritionists were analyzed (mean diets per athlete = 7). To verify adherence, three non-consecutive self-reported 24-hour dietary recall surveys per diet were analyzed, totaling 525 days of food consumption record, and the mean of these 24-hour dietary recalls was used in this study. Results: The mean age was 32.0 ± 8.9 years, with no differences between men and women (P=0.208). The mean BMI was 26.4 ± 2.6 kg/m2. Energy intake was 2,904.0 ± 697.3 kcal/day. Protein and carbohydrate intake was 2.3 ± 0.4 and 4.5 ± 2.0 g/kg/day, respectively. Regarding carbohydrate consumption, 44% of CrossFit® athletes consumed less than the recommended amount (5–12 g/kg/day). In addition, most athletes (50%) had insufficient intake of potassium, selenium, calcium, and vitamins A, D, B9, and B12. Conclusion: It can be concluded that CrossFit® athletes presented an insufficient intake of some vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates

Larval habitat characteristics of the main malaria vectors in the most endemic regions of Colombia: potential implications for larval control

Malaria incidence has recently decreased globally and, as malaria elimination is envisioned as a possibility by the health authorities, guidance is needed to strengthen malaria control strategies. Larval source treatment, which could complement routine vector control strategies, requires knowledge regarding the Anopheles larval habitats. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three of the most malaria-endemic regions in Colombia. A total of 1116 potential larval habitats in 70 villages were sampled in three states located in western Colombia: Cordoba, Valle del Cauca and Nariño. Overall, 17.5 % (195) of the potential larval habitats were found positive for different Anopheles species. A total of 1683 larvae were identified belonging to seven species: Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles calderoni, Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles neomaculipalpus, Anopheles nuneztovari s.l., Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, and Anopheles triannulatus. The most widely distributed species was An. nuneztovari s.l., which was found mainly in human-made fishponds in Cordoba and temporary puddles in Valle del Cauca. Anopheles albimanus and An. calderoni were associated with human-made wells or excavation sites in Nariño. Cordoba displayed the greatest Anopheles species diversity with a total of six species (Shannon diversity index H': 1.063). Although Valle del Cauca had four species, one more than Nariño, the diversity was lower because only one species predominated, An. nuneztovari s.l. The larval habitats with the highest Shannon diversity index were lagoons (H': 1.079) and fishponds (H': 1.009) in Cordoba, excavation sites in Nariño (H': 0.620) and puddles in Valle del Cauca (H': 0.764). This study provides important information regarding the larval habitats of the main malaria vectors in the most malaria-endemic regions of Colombia, which will be useful in guiding larval control operations