Eine russische Gesandschaftsreise nach Italien (1656 - 57)

Der Staat Moskau stand im 17. Jahrhundert außerhalb des europäischen Stnatslebens. Es war eine seltene Ausnahme, daß russische Gesandte in Westeuropa erschienen. Sie machten mit ihrer asiatischen Tracht, bei ihrer völligen Unkenntnis der Sprachen und Sitten der vorgeschrittenen Völker denselben Eindruck, welchen heutzutage chinesische Diplomaten hervorzubringen pflegen. Kamen westeuropäische Gesandte nach Moskau, so hatten sie, nach Hause heimkehrend, von ähnlichen Erlebnissen und Reiseeindrücken zu berichten, wie etwa gegenwärtig eine Reise naoh Persien oder Japan dieselben darzubieten pflegt. Ein ständiger diplomatischer Verkehr zwischen Rufsland und Westeuropa war das Resultat der großen Wandlung, welche sich in dem moskowitischen Staate im Zeitalter Peters des Großen vollzog. Die folgende Darstellung der Reise eines russischen Gesandten nach Florenz und Venedig um die Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts mag diese Verhältnisse veranschaulichen. Es hatte sich im Jahre 1655 ereignet, daß die Republik Venedig einen diplomatischen Agenten - es war ein Geistlicher, Alberto Vimina - nach Rußland gesandt hatte, um den Zaren Alexei zur Teilnahme an einer von den westeuropäischen Staaten gegen die Türkei zu unternehmenden militärischen Aktion zu veranlassen. Der Zar Alexei war indessen, gerade als der venetianisohe Diplomat nach Rußland kam, mit dem Kriege gegen Polen beschäftigt; auch konnte man einen Bruch zwischen Schweden und Rußland erwarten. So lagen denn die orientalische Frage und andere politischen Interessen der russischenen Regierung ferne. ..

Finanzgeschichtliche Studien. Kupfergeldkrisen : eine behufs der Erlangung des Grades eines Doctors der allgemeinen Geschichte von Einer Hochverordneten Historisch-philologischen Facultät der Kaiserlichen Universität zu Dorpat genehmigte und zur öffentlichen Verheidigung bestimmte Schrift

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2024219~S1*es

Die Ostseeprovinzen während des schwedisch-russischen Krieges 1788-90

https://www.ester.ee/record=b3788671*es

Self-energy of Lambda in finite nuclei

The self--energy of the strange baryon $\Lambda$ in $^{17}$O is calculated using a microscopic many--body approach which accounts for correlations beyond the mean--field or Hartree--Fock approximation. The non-locality and energy-dependence of the $\Lambda$ self--energy is discussed and the effects on the bound and scattering states are investigated. For the nucleon--hyperon interaction, we use the potential models of the J\"{u}lich and Nijmegen groups.Comment: 17 pages, Revtex Latex style, 7 figs include

On the lion harbour and other harbours in Miletos: recent historical, archaeological, sedimentological, and geophysical research

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Magnesium Phosphate Cement as Mineral Bone Adhesive

Mineral bone cements were actually not developed for their application as bone-bonding agents, but as bone void fillers. In particular, calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are considered to be unsuitable for that application, particularly under moist conditions. Here, we showed the ex vivo ability of different magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) to adhere on bovine cortical bone substrates. The cements were obtained from a mixture of farringtonite (Mg$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$) with different amounts of phytic acid (C$_6$H$_{18}$O$_{24}$P$_6$, inositol hexaphosphate, IP6), whereas cement setting occurred by a chelation reaction between Mg$^{2+}$ ions and IP6. We were able to show that cements with 25% IP6 and a powder-to-liquid ratio (PLR) of 2.0 g/mL resulted in shear strengths of 0.81 ± 0.12 MPa on bone even after 7 d storage in aqueous conditions. The samples showed a mixed adhesive–cohesive failure with cement residues on the bone surface as indicated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The presented material demonstrated appropriate bonding characteristics, which could enable a broadening of the mineral bone cements’ application field to bone adhesive

Low temperature fatigue crack propagation in toughened epoxy resins aimed for filament winding of type V composite pressure vessels

In this study, application relevant toughened epoxy-amine formulations were investigated regarding their mechanical behavior at low temperatures and compared to a non-toughened reference. The application-oriented resins are based on reactive diluent-modified diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) which were tested at 22 °C and −50 °C in regard to their fracture toughness (KIC) and fatigue crack propagation (da/dN) behavior. The E′ and E’’ moduli and the corresponding glass transition temperatures Tg were determined via dynamic mechanical thermal analyses (DMTA) which also described the influence of the block copolymeric toughener on the epoxy resin network. The plastic zone size, calculated during crack propagation, reveals the temperature dependent toughener-matrix interaction. The prevailing energy dissipation mechanisms were correlated with the changes of E’. SEM micrographs confirm the superior performance of the toughened system at −50 °C by the decrease of the fatigue cack propagation slopes and highlight the trends of the materials low temperature behavior

Michelson interferometer with diffractively-coupled arm resonators in second-order Littrow configuration

Michelson-type laser-interferometric gravitational-wave (GW) observatories employ very high light powers as well as transmissively- coupled Fabry-Perot arm resonators in order to realize high measurement sensitivities. Due to the absorption in the transmissive optics, high powers lead to thermal lensing and hence to thermal distortions of the laser beam profile, which sets a limit on the maximal light power employable in GW observatories. Here, we propose and realize a Michelson-type laser interferometer with arm resonators whose coupling components are all-reflective second-order Littrow gratings. In principle such gratings allow high finesse values of the resonators but avoid bulk transmission of the laser light and thus the corresponding thermal beam distortion. The gratings used have three diffraction orders, which leads to the creation of a second signal port. We theoretically analyze the signal response of the proposed topology and show that it is equivalent to a conventional Michelson-type interferometer. In our proof-of-principle experiment we generated phase-modulation signals inside the arm resonators and detected them simultaneously at the two signal ports. The sum signal was shown to be equivalent to a single-output-port Michelson interferometer with transmissively-coupled arm cavities, taking into account optical loss. The proposed and demonstrated topology is a possible approach for future all-reflective GW observatory designs