Atrésia intestinal: Experiência recente de um centro de Cirurgia Pediátrica

Bouvier Jean-Claude, Mathieu Guy. La chanson des mensonges en domaine occitan (Provence et Dauphiné). In: Le Monde alpin et rhodanien. Revue régionale d'ethnologie, n°1-2/1978. pp. 195-202

Towards resolving the presynaptic NMDA receptor debate.

In the classical view, postsynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) trigger Hebbian plasticity via Ca2+ influx. However, unconventional presynaptic NMDARs (preNMDARs) which regulate both long-term and short-term plasticity at several synapse types have also been found. A lack of sufficiently specific experimental manipulations and a poor understanding of how preNMDARs signal have contributed to long-standing controversy surrounding these receptors. Although several prior studies linked preNMDARs to neocortical timing-dependent long-term depression (tLTD), a recent study argues that the NMDARs are actually postsynaptic and signal metabotropically, that is, without Ca2+. Other recent work indicates that, whereas ionotropic preNMDARs signaling controls evoked release, spontaneous release is regulated by metabotropic NMDAR signaling. We argue that elucidating unconventional NMDAR signaling modes-both presynaptically and metabotropically-is key to resolving the preNMDAR debate

Sox2 Sustains Recruitment of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells following CNS Demyelination and Primes Them for Differentiation during Remyelination.

UNLABELLED: The Sox family of transcription factors have been widely studied in the context of oligodendrocyte development. However, comparatively little is known about the role of Sox2, especially during CNS remyelination. Here we show that the expression of Sox2 occurs in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in rodent models during myelination and in activated adult OPCs responding to demyelination, and is also detected in multiple sclerosis lesions. In normal adult white matter of both mice and rats, it is neither expressed by adult OPCs nor by oligodendrocytes (although it is expressed by a subpopulation of adult astrocytes). Overexpression of Sox2 in rat OPCs in vitro maintains the cells in a proliferative state and inhibits differentiation, while Sox2 knockout results in decreased OPC proliferation and survival, suggesting that Sox2 contributes to the expansion of OPCs during the recruitment phase of remyelination. Loss of function in cultured mouse OPCs also results in an impaired ability to undergo normal differentiation in response to differentiation signals, suggesting that Sox2 expression in activated OPCs also primes these cells to eventually undergo differentiation. In vivo studies on remyelination following experimental toxin-induced demyelination in mice with inducible loss of Sox2 revealed impaired remyelination, which was largely due to a profound attenuation of OPC recruitment and likely also due to impaired differentiation. Our results reveal a key role of Sox2 expression in OPCs responding to demyelination, enabling them to effectively contribute to remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Understanding the mechanisms of CNS remyelination is central to developing effective means by which this process can be therapeutically enhanced in chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this study, we describe the role of Sox2, a transcription factor widely implicated in stem cell biology, in CNS myelination and remyelination. We show how Sox2 is expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) preparing to undergo differentiation, allowing them to undergo proliferation and priming them for subsequent differentiation. Although Sox2 is unlikely to be a direct therapeutic target, these data nevertheless provide more information on how OPC differentiation is controlled and therefore enriches our understanding of this important CNS regenerative process.This work was mainly supported by the UK Multiple Sclerosis Society.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the Society for Neuroscience via http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3655-14.201

The catastrophic flash-flood event of 8–9 September 2002 in the Gard region, France: a first case study for the Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory

The Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory (OHM-CV) is a research initiative aimed at improving the understanding and modeling of the Mediterranean intense rain events that frequently result in devastating flash floods in southern France. A primary objective is to bring together the skills of meteorologists and hydrologists, modelers and instrumentalists, researchers and practitioners, to cope with these rather unpredictable events. In line with previously published flash-flood monographs, the present paper aims at documenting the 8–9 September 2002 catastrophic event, which resulted in 24 casualties and an economic damage evaluated at 1.2 billion euros (i.e., about 1 billion U.S. dollars) in the Gard region, France. A description of the synoptic meteorological situation is first given and shows that no particular precursor indicated the imminence of such an extreme event. Then, radar and rain gauge analyses are used to assess the magnitude of the rain event, which was particularly remarkable for its spatial extent with rain amounts greater than 200 mm in 24 h over 5500 km2. The maximum values of 600–700 mm observed locally are among the highest daily records in the region. The preliminary results of the postevent hydrological investigation show that the hydrologic response of the upstream watersheds of the Gard and Vidourle Rivers is consistent with the marked space–time structure of the rain event. It is noteworthy that peak specific discharges were very high over most of the affected areas (5–10 m3 s−1 km−2) and reached locally extraordinary values of more than 20 m3 s−1 km−2. A preliminary analysis indicates contrasting hydrological behaviors that seem to be related to geomorphological factors, notably the influence of karst in part of the region. An overview of the ongoing meteorological and hydrological research projects devoted to this case study within the OHM-CV is finally presented

Taking the Measure of the Universe: Precision Astrometry with SIM PlanetQuest

Precision astrometry at microarcsecond accuracy has application to a wide range of astrophysical problems. This paper is a study of the science questions that can be addressed using an instrument that delivers parallaxes at about 4 microarcsec on targets as faint as V = 20, differential accuracy of 0.6 microarcsec on bright targets, and with flexible scheduling. The science topics are drawn primarily from the Team Key Projects, selected in 2000, for the Space Interferometry Mission PlanetQuest (SIM PlanetQuest). We use the capabilities of this mission to illustrate the importance of the next level of astrometric precision in modern astrophysics. SIM PlanetQuest is currently in the detailed design phase, having completed all of the enabling technologies needed for the flight instrument in 2005. It will be the first space-based long baseline Michelson interferometer designed for precision astrometry. SIM will contribute strongly to many astronomical fields including stellar and galactic astrophysics, planetary systems around nearby stars, and the study of quasar and AGN nuclei. SIM will search for planets with masses as small as an Earth orbiting in the `habitable zone' around the nearest stars using differential astrometry, and could discover many dozen if Earth-like planets are common. It will be the most capable instrument for detecting planets around young stars, thereby providing insights into how planetary systems are born and how they evolve with time. SIM will observe significant numbers of very high- and low-mass stars, providing stellar masses to 1%, the accuracy needed to challenge physical models. Using precision proper motion measurements, SIM will probe the galactic mass distribution and the formation and evolution of the Galactic halo. (abridged)Comment: 54 pages, 28 figures, uses emulateapj. Submitted to PAS

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Les règles de plasticité entre les fibres parallèles et les cellules de Purkinje du cervelet

La cellule de Purkinje (CP) est la seule sortie anatomique du cortex cérébelleux. Des études récentes ont montré que les récepteurs NMDA (NMDA-R) jouaient un rôle essentiel dans le Depression à long terme (DLT) à la synapse entre les fibres parallèles (FP) et les CPs. Les NMDA-Rs pourraient jouer un rôle prépondérant dans l’intégration des informations somato-sensorielles des FPs et ainsi contribuer au rôle du cervelet dans l'apprentissage moteur. Nous montrons que les NMDA-Rs sont fonctionnels et recrutés uniquement lors de patrons de décharges des FPs haute fréquences. Ces résultats étant potentiellement liés aux propriétés biophysiques des NMDA-Rs, nous avons démontré que la PLT dépend des NMDA-Rs comportant les sous unité GluN2A et que l'expression post synaptique de la plasticité s'effectuait à travers une diffusion anterograde du monoxyde d'azote (MA). De plus, nous avons confirmé et disséqué les propriétés de filtre passe haut des NMDA-Rs in vivo et in vitro.Nous avons montré que la PLT nécessitait des trains d'activité des FPs plus long que dans le cadre de la DLT, nous postulons que la quantité de MA produite est plus importante lors de l'induction de PLT. Utilisant nos données, nous avons implémenté un model mathématique de plasticité à la synapses FP-CP pouvant prédire le signe de plasticité synaptique selon les patrons d'activité rencontrés par cette synapse.Synaptic plasticity is thought to be the cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory and has been the subject of intense experimental and theoretical research. The experimental work has led to detailed knowledge of the receptors and signalling pathways involved in the induction of different types of synaptic plasticity. In parallel, theoretical studies have built ’plasticity rules’, formal descriptions linking spike timings to changes in synaptic efficacy, such as the spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) rule [Gerstner et al., 1996, Song et al., 2000]. However, these plasticity rules are generally quite abstract and their link to the underlying biophysical mechanisms is often unclear. The best known mechanisms in synaptic plasticity are linked to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) function. NMDA-Rs are biophysical coincidence detectors of glutamate and membrane depolarization [Mayer et al., 1984, Nowak et al., 1984]. The activation of postsynaptic NMDA-Rs defines learning rules where the relative timing of pre- and post-synaptic activity is a key parameter [Debanne et al., 1994, Nevian and Sakmann, 2006, Sjostrom et al., 2003]. In the few cases where the participation of presynaptic NMDA-Rs has been proposed, these have invariably been involved in presynaptically-expressed LTD [Rodríguez-Moreno and Paulsen, 2008b, Sjostrom et al., 2003]. Cerebellar parallel fibre-Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synaptic plasticity follows non-Hebbian plasticity rules. We have previously reported that PF-PC LTD induction needs PF bursting activity (at least pairs of spikes) [Bidoret et al., 2009] and is linked to the presence of presynaptic NMDA-Rs [Casado et al., 2002b]. In this thesis, we set out to characterise the activity requirements for bidirectional synaptic plasticity in young and adult animals, and to investigate the signalling pathways involved. Surprisingly, we found that LTP induction shares many properties with LTD induction, including a similar frequency-dependence for presynaptic activity and an absolute requirement for NMDA-R activation and NO production. However, LTP requires a different source of post-synaptic calcium increase [Ly et al., 2013a]. In contrast with other synapses [Bender et al., 2006, Fino, 2010], our data indicate that both LTP and LTD share signalling mechanisms. These involve presynaptically produced NO and postsynaptic Ca rises. Supporting the notion that the frequency dependence of plasticity arises from the involvement of presynaptic NMDA-Rs, we provide the first direct evidence for Ca influx through presynaptic NMDA-Rs in PFs in young and adult animals, settling a long-lasting controversy [Bidoret et al., 2009, Casado et al., 2002a, Shin and Linden, 2005a, Wang et al., 2014a]. Based on our data, we propose a novel mechanistic plasticity rule. This deliberately parsimonious rule can be used to interpret and predict the plasticity arising from arbitrary patterns of PF and climbing fibre (CF) activity. Our results support the notion that bidirectional synaptic plasticity depends on multi-spike activity patterns in an intricate fashion [Bidoret et al., 2009, Froemke and Dan, 2002, Pfister and Gerstner, 2006, Sjöström et al., 2001]