Bamboo mosaic

This article describes the symptoms of bamboo mosaic, the viral pathogen, and integrated management practices that can effectively reduce disease occurance

Modified expression of alternative oxidase in transgenic tomato and petunia affects the level of tomato spotted wilt virus resistance

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Tomato spotted wilt virus </it>(TSWV) has a very wide host range, and is transmitted in a persistent manner by several species of thrips. These characteristics make this virus difficult to control. We show here that the over-expression of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) in tomato and petunia is related to TSWV resistance.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The open reading frame and full-length sequence of the tomato AOX gene <it>LeAox1au </it>were cloned and introduced into tomato 'Healani' and petunia 'Sheer Madness' using <it>Agrobacterium</it>-mediated transformation. Highly expressed AOX transgenic tomato and petunia plants were selfed and transgenic R1 seedlings from 10 tomato lines and 12 petunia lines were used for bioassay. For each assayed line, 22 to 32 tomato R1 progeny in three replications and 39 to 128 petunia progeny in 13 replications were challenged with TSWV. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays showed that the TSWV levels in transgenic tomato line FKT4-1 was significantly lower than that of wild-type controls after challenge with TSWV. In addition, transgenic petunia line FKP10 showed significantly less lesion number and smaller lesion size than non-transgenic controls after inoculation by TSWV.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In all assayed transgenic tomato lines, a higher percentage of transgenic progeny had lower TSWV levels than non-transgenic plants after challenge with TSWV, and the significantly increased resistant levels of tomato and petunia lines identified in this study indicate that altered expression levels of AOX in tomato and petunia can affect the levels of TSWV resistance.</p

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology (2021) 166:3567–3579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05266-wIn March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91019F00130 to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Part of this work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001030), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001030), and the Wellcome Trust (FC001030).S

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV

Pathogenic associations with yellows disease of Dodonaea viscosa in Hawaiʻi

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1992.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-93)Microfiche.x, 93 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cmDodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. in Hawai'i is afflicted with a severe yellowing disorder with symptoms which include the production of pendulous, chlorotic witches' brooms, a decrease in leaf size combined with the distortion of leaf lamina, the suppression of flowering, and progressive defoliation leading to the eventual death of afflicted plants. The disease was first reported in 1984 occurring in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park on the island of Hawai'i and has since been observed on the islands of Kauai, Maui, and Oahu. Field studies initiated in 1988 and continued over a three year period indicate a slow rate of spread of the disease based upon visual symptom expression. Viruslike particles 16 nm in diameter and 700 nm in length and double-stranded RNA of molecular weight 3 X 106 daltons were isolated from diseased plants but were absent from healthy plants. DNA complementary to dsRNA was cloned in E. coli and shown to be of non-host origin. Leaves from symptomatic and symptomless plants collected from field sites on Hawai'i, Maui, and Kauai were tested with a probe prepared from the highly conserved 165 ribosomal gene of Western X MLO, which has been shown to reliably detect MLOs from a wide range of hosts. On all the islands sampled, 80% of the symptomatic plants and 33% of the symptomless plants growing near diseased plants tested positively with this probe. Leaves and roots of healthy plants grown from seed collected from symptomless D. viscosa did not react with this probe. Pleiomorphic bodies resembling MLOs were observed in phloem tissues of diseased plants using DAPI staining and transmission electron microscopy. Such structures were not observed in healthy plants grown from seed. Partial alleviation of symptoms on diseased plants was noted following stem injections of oxytetracycline at 100 µg/ml. Attempts to transmit MLOs between D. viscosa and Catharanthus roseus by Cuscuta sandwichiana and C. campestris were not successful. The evidence suggests a complex etiology for the yellows disease of Dodonaea viscosa in Hawai'i which includes both viral and mycoplasmal agents

Tomato Spotted Wilt

This article describes the symptoms and spread of tomato spotted wilt, management techniques, and the future of biotechnology in the fight against tomato spotted wilt

Effects of Synthetic Cecropin Analogs on in Vitro Growth of Acholeplasma laidlawii

Four synthetic peptides (Peptidyl MIMs; Demeter Biotechnologies, Inc.) were evaluated for their in vitro activity against Acholeplasma laidlawii . Fifty percent effective concentration values ranged from 1 to 15 μM. Three of these compounds are more lethal than cecropin B against A. laidlawii

Mealybug Wilt of Pineapple and Associated Viruses

Mealybug wilt of pineapple (MWP) is a disease of pineapple that has a long history in Hawaii, but is present throughout the world where pineapples are grown in tropical regions. The disease has an interesting etiology that is poorly understood but involves an association with virus particles, mealybug vectors, and ants which spread the mealybug vectors. Several distinct pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus (PMWaV) species have been identified thus far with potential further member species yet to be characterized. Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated viruses are member species of the Ampelovirus genus of the Closteroviridae family. Ampeloviruses are split into two subgroups, subgroup I and subgroup II. PMWaV-2 is a subgroup II member, and these have a longer and more complex genome with additional genes on the 3&#8217; terminus of the RNA genome compared to subgroup I ampeloviruses. PMWaV-2, along with the presence of mealybug vectors, have been shown to be necessary factors in symptom development in Hawaii. Some of these extra genes in the 3&#8217; of PMWaV-2 have recently been shown to function as silencing suppressors, and may play a role in the virulence of PMWaV-2 and symptom development. In other regions of the world, reports of symptomatic plants without PMWaV-2 infection, but with PMWaV-1, -3 or some combination, contradict the requirement of PMWaV-2 for symptom development in MWP. It is possible that further, uncharacterized PMWaVs may be present in symptomatic pineapple plants that test negative for PMWaV-2, explaining the inconsistency in symptom development. More research is necessary to explore the confusing etiology of the MWP disease, and to perhaps shed light upon the symptom development