Roles of bHLH Transcription Factors Neurod1, Neurod2 and Neurod6 in Cerebral Cortex Development and Commissure Formation.

Basische Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)-Proteine bilden eine diverse Gruppe evolutionär gut konservierter Transkriptionsfaktoren. Viele transaktivierende bHLH-Proteine werden zelltyp- oder gewebespezifisch exprimiert und fungieren als wichtige Schlüsselregulatoren zellulärer Determinations- und Differenzierungsprozesse. Die eng verwandten neuronalen bHLH-Gene Neurod1, Neurod2 und Neurod6 werden in differenzierenden Pyramidenneuronen des sich entwickelnden zerebralen Kortex exprimiert und stehen schon lange im Verdacht, deren Reifung zu steuern. In der Vergangenheit wurde jedes der drei Gene in Mäusen inaktiviert. Untersuchungen an den einfach-defizienten Tieren konnten jedoch keine wichtigen Funktionen in embryonalen Pyramidenneuronen identifizieren. Da die Aminosäuresequenzen und die Expressionsmuster der Faktoren sehr ähnlich sind, wurde angenommen, dass sie sich redundante Funktionalität teilen. Um dies zu überprüfen, habe ich Neurod2/6-doppel-defiziente Tiere gezüchtet und unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Differenzierung von Pyramidenneuronen und der Konnektivität des zerebralen Kortex analysiert: Die Experimente zeigen, dass Neurod2 und Neurod6 tatsächlich mehrere bisher unbekannte gemeinsame Funktionen haben, wobei jeder Faktor für den Verlust des jeweils anderen kompensieren kann. Zumindest eines der beiden Gene ist notwendig für (1) die Kontrolle der radialen Migration eines Teils der Pyramidenneurone, (2) die frühe Regionalisierung des zerebralen Kortex und (3) die Bildung kortikaler Projektionen vom Neokortex zum Striatum, zum Thalamus und zur kontralateralen Hemisphäre. Callosale Axone bilden in Neurod2/6-doppel-defizienten Mäusen Faserbündel die tangential in den medialen Kortex einwachsen, aber noch vor Erreichen des ipsilateralen Cingulums und vor dem Kontakt mit der Mittellinie stoppen und defaszikulieren. Es resultiert eine neue Variante der callosalen Agenesie, die nahelegt, dass es bisher nicht identifizierte Wachstumssignale im medialen Kortex gibt. Die Expression von Neurod1, welche sich normalerweise auf die Subventrikularzone beschränkt, persistiert in radial migrierenden Pyramidenneuronen der Intermediärzone und der Kortikalplatte von Neurod2/6-doppel-defizienten Mäusen. Diese ektopische Neurod1-Expression kann dort den Verlust von Neurod2 und Neurod6 kompensieren. In einem weiteren Schritt habe ich konditionale Neurod1/2/6-tripel-defiziente Mäuse gezüchtet. In diesen Tieren wird das Neurod1-Gen durch selektive genetische Rekombination in all jenen Zellen, die über Neurod6-Promoteraktivität verfügen, irreversibel entfernt: Wie erwartet, teilt sich Neurod1 weitere gemeinsame Funktionen mit Neurod2 und Neurod6. Zumindest eines der drei Gene ist notwendig für die Differenzierung hippokampaler Pyramidenzellen und die Hemmung des programmierten Zelltods der unreifen Neuronen des Cornu Ammonis. Während die gemeinsame Inaktivierung von Neurod1/2/6 zur Aplasie des Hippocampus führt, überlebt ein Großteil der neokortikalen Pyramidenzellen. Die terminale neuronale Differenzierung ist jedoch auch im Neokortex gestört und die neokortikale Konnektivität sehr stark reduziert. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die Transkriptionsfaktoren der NeuroD-Familie gemeinsam die Differenzierung, das Überleben, die Migration und das axonale Wachstum von pyramidalen Neuronen des sich entwickelnden zerebralen Kortex steuern. Während der Embryonalentwicklung ergeben sich folgende, teils überschneidende Funktionen der NeuroD-Gene: Die Differenzierung und das Überleben von hippocampalen Körnerzellen ist abhängig von Neurod1. Die frühen Schritte der Differenzierung von hippocampalen Pyramidenneuronen und deren Überleben sind eine Funktion von wahlweise Neurod1, Neurod2 oder Neurod6. Spätere neuronale Differenzierungsschritte, die Regionalisierung des Neokortex und das gezielte Wachstum wichtiger neokortikaler Faserzüge basieren auf Funktionen von Neurod2 oder Neurod6, aber nicht von Neurod1. Der postnatale Umbau des somatosensorischen Kortex und die funktionale Integration thalamischer Afferenzen wurden bereits als strikt Neurod2-abhängig beschrieben

Value and Volume of Literacy

This study set out to determine the volume and monetary value of literacy and to trace their growth over the past generation. The literacy consumed was taken to be the information that people exchange via the written word, and the literacy production industry was seen as having three major components — one that produces materials, another that distributes them, and a third that teaches people to read and write. Various product counts were used to index the volume of output for each production component, and the time that people spend reading and writing was used to index the volume of literacy consumed. These unit counts were examined individually within each component, comparing them to population size to determine their growth during the period studied. Then dollar values were assigned to these unit measures, and a national literacy account was formed, first, to estimate the total monetary value of the nation’s literacy and, second, to estimate the net value of literacy and the benefit-cost ratio of the literacy program and to examine their trends. It was possible to infer from these data that a large and growing fraction of the population has reached a high and increasing level of literacy, that literacy has been worth many times what it cost to produce, that literacy is one of the nation’s most important economic activities, that personal and social investments in literacy have been rising, but that the nation has yet to reach the point where it would consider itself literate

Literacy Policy and the Emerging Technology of Readability

The procedures for predicting and adjusting the comprehensibility of printed prose have steadily progressed from the status of an art, through that of a quasi-science, and are now emerging as a scientific technology having considerable generality and precision. Of special interest is the fact that this body of knowledge has much potential for enhancing the effectiveness of a nation’s efforts to achieve a desirable level of literacy in its population while, at the same time, reducing the costs of those efforts. This paper outlines some of the arguments that favor accelerating the development of this technology in the developed nation and the founding of the technology in the mother tongues of developing nations

Классификация экзонов генов человека с использованием алгоритмов автоматического выбора атрибутов экзонов

Volkov AV, Yatskov NN, Grinev VV Classification of exons of human genes using algorithms for automatic selection of exon attributesСекция 2. МЕТОДЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО И ИМИТАЦИОННОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ СИСТЕ

Coordinately Co-opted Multiple Transposable Elements Constitute an Enhancer for wnt5a Expression in the Mammalian Secondary Palate

Acquisition of cis-regulatory elements is a major driving force of evolution, and there are several examples of developmental enhancers derived from transposable elements (TEs). However, it remains unclear whether one enhancer element could have been produced via cooperation among multiple, yet distinct, TEs during evolution. Here we show that an evolutionarily conserved genomic region named AS3_9 comprises three TEs (AmnSINE1, X6b_DNA and MER117), inserted side-by-side, and functions as a distal enhancer for wnt5a expression during morphogenesis of the mammalian secondary palate. Functional analysis of each TE revealed step-by-step retroposition/transposition and co-option together with acquisition of a binding site for Msx1 for its full enhancer function during mammalian evolution. The present study provides a new perspective suggesting that a huge variety of TEs, in combination, could have accelerated the diversity of cis-regulatory elements involved in morphological evolution

Search for muon-neutrino emission from GeV and TeV gamma-ray flaring blazars using five years of data of the ANTARES telescope

The ANTARES telescope is well-suited for detecting astrophysical transient neutrino sources as it can observe a full hemisphere of the sky at all times with a high duty cycle. The background due to atmospheric particles can be drastically reduced, and the point-source sensitivity improved, by selecting a narrow time window around possible neutrino production periods. Blazars, being radio-loud active galactic nuclei with their jets pointing almost directly towards the observer, are particularly attractive potential neutrino point sources, since they are among the most likely sources of the very high-energy cosmic rays. Neutrinos and gamma rays may be produced in hadronic interactions with the surrounding medium. Moreover, blazars generally show high time variability in their light curves at different wavelengths and on various time scales. This paper presents a time-dependent analysis applied to a selection of flaring gamma-ray blazars observed by the FERMI/LAT experiment and by TeV Cherenkov telescopes using five years of ANTARES data taken from 2008 to 2012. The results are compatible with fluctuations of the background. Upper limits on the neutrino fluence have been produced and compared to the measured gamma-ray spectral energy distribution.Comment: 27 pages, 16 figure

The ANTARES Collaboration: Contributions to ICRC 2017 Part I: Neutrino astronomy (diffuse fluxes and point sources)

Papers on neutrino astronomy (diffuse fluxes and point sources, prepared for the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2017, Busan, South Korea) by the ANTARES Collaboratio

The Antares Collaboration : Contributions to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2015, The Hague)

The ANTARES detector, completed in 2008, is the largest neutrino telescope in the Northern hemisphere. Located at a depth of 2.5 km in the Mediterranean Sea, 40 km off the Toulon shore, its main goal is the search for astrophysical high energy neutrinos. In this paper we collect the 21 contributions of the ANTARES collaboration to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2015). The scientific output is very rich and the contributions included in these proceedings cover the main physics results, ranging from steady point sources, diffuse searches, multi-messenger analyses to exotic physics

The ANTARES Collaboration: Contributions to ICRC 2017 Part II: The multi-messenger program

Papers on the ANTARES multi-messenger program, prepared for the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2017, Busan, South Korea) by the ANTARES Collaboratio

The ANTARES Collaboration: Contributions to ICRC 2017 Part III: Searches for dark matter and exotics, neutrino oscillations and detector calibration

Papers on the searches for dark matter and exotics, neutrino oscillations and detector calibration, prepared for the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2017, Busan, South Korea) by the ANTARES Collaboratio