The Dilemma of Saudi Arabian Homes in Riyadh

The courtyard form of the traditional Arab house responded to both climate and the culture of its inhabitants. Islamic values, as well as socioeconomic factors, played crucial roles in the design. However, the mid-20th century marked the beginning of Saudi Arabia’s first rapid economic growth as a result of the discovery of oil; which dramatically increased the wealth and prosperity of the population, and resulted in new lifestyles. This period witnessed the introduction of the grid layout street pattern and the detached villa house. This type became the prevalent style in Saudi Arabia, the central province, and Riyadh in particular. While the traditional courtyard house more than satisfied cultural needs, increasingly it was viewed inappropriate for affluent 21st-century lifestyles. Yet this research confirmed that the villa style is creating fundamental problems for Saudi families. The theoretical framework is set in sustainability theory, and investigates the principles of home through human needs, place, and house. The methodology uses a survey strategy with questionnaires, interviews, and building analysis to determine which aspects of home are satisfied by each type. The dilemma is that Saudi families will not return to the courtyard type because it does not meet important requirements of status; whereas the villa type does not meet significant criteria such as privacy. The context is increasing climatic temperatures, which are making both types increasingly uncomfortable. This study highlights the need for a specific contemporary home style that would satisfy 21st-century aspirations, respect Islamic culture, and respond to changing climate

Evaluation of yeast single cell protein (SCP) diets on growth performance, feed conversion and carcass composition of Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings

An investigation was carried out on the possibility of replacing fishmeal with graded levels of yeast single cell protein (SCP; 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) in isonitrogenous feed formulations (30% protein) in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings for a period of 12 weeks. The control diet had fishmeal as the primary protein source. There were six treatments and four replicates. The result indicates that the 50% yeast SCP diet gave the best in growth response with percentage weight gain (PWG) of 6.04, specific growth rate (SGR) of 0041, daily growth rate (DRG) of (0.0088) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.94. There was however no significant difference in growth parameters and feed conversion ratio between treatment (p > 0.05). The proximate examination of the carcass composition of the whole fish body showed that the 50% yeast SCP fed fish had the highest percentage of body protein (55.35%), but with a lower amount of fat at the end of the feeding trial compared to the control. There was however no significant difference in carcass protein and fat content between treatments (p > 0.05). It could therefore be concluded that yeast SCP can successfully replace fishmeal up to 50% level with 0.25% dietary methionine supplementation in a 30% protein diet for O. niloticus fingerlings with no significant difference in fish performance (p > 0.05).Key words: Tilapia, yeast single cell protein, growth, carcass composition, feeding trials

Relationship quality perception of spouses and adult child carers of people with dementia.

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Wheat Bran Grown Brewers Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisioe) as Feed for Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings: Carcass Analysis and Growth Performance

A trial feed was prepared by inoculating and growing brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in wheat bran.  The biomass so produced was dried and used to replace fish meal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus at varying levels (0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%) respectively.  The analysis of the fish carcass revealed that the diet D5 with 60% substitution of fishmeal with brewer’s yeast had the highest protein (50.91) followed by D1 (fishmeal only) 45.51.  In growth performance, the fishmeal diet gave better results in Mean Weight Gain (MWG) – 1.27; and Percentage Weight Gain (PWG) – 27.79.  However, the 60% substituted diet showed superiority in Specific Growth Rate (SGR) 4.00 and Nitrogen Metabolism (Nm) – 44.73.  the results therefore are indicative of the fact that wheat bran grown , Brewers yeast can serve as fishmeal replacers at 60% substitution level without adverse effect but improvement on the fish carcass protein and growth performance. Keywords: Brewers yeast wheat bran feeding trial, Clarias gariepinus, carcass composition, growth

A study on the normal values of inner canthal, outer canthal, canthal index, interpupillary distance and head circumference of 23 - 42 years Igbos

Inner intercanthal distance is the measurement of the distance between the two medial canthi of the eyes, while outer intercanthal distance is the measurement of the distance between the lateral canthi of the eyes. Interpupillary distance is the distance between the pupils, measured from the center of one eye to the centre of the other eye when the eyes are focused on infinity. A study on the normal values of outer intercanthal, inner intercanthal distance, canthal index, head circumference, near and far interpupillary distance was conducted in 23-42 years old Igbos. A total number of 1000 subjects comprising 500 males and 500 females were recruited for this study. Measurements were obtained by using a vernier caliper on the medial and lateral angles of the eyes, while a non stretchable tape was used to measure the head circumference. Canthal index was derived by dividing the inner intercanthal distance by the outer intercanthal distance and multiplying by 100. Near and far interpupillary distances were derived by the use of a meter rule. Results showed that there was change of means with advancing age for the measured dimensions. The mean for the outer intercanthal distance was102.06±4.43mm and 102.09±4.54mm for males and females respectively. Canthal index was 36.72±3.65 and 36.75±4.90 for males and females respectively. The head circumference, near and far interpupillary distance were 59.25±6.45 cm and 59.44±4.98 cm, 68.28±5.08mm and 68.45±5.12mm, 74.9±4.11mm and 74.5± 4.03mm respectively for males and females. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the males and females in the measured parameters and the canthal index.This study has provided a database for this Igbo population and may assist craniofacial surgeons during surgery

Tongue rolling and hand clasping among various ABO blood groups in a University community in Eastern Nigeria

Morphogenetic traits are physical observable traits that can be inherited either in a single gene or multifactorial pattern. ABO blood group is a codominant inherited trait that has been associated with different anatomical and physiological variations. However, there are limited studies that have linked ABO blood groups with some morphogenetic traits. This study was conducted to ascertain the distribution of morphogenetic traits like hand clasping and tongue rolling among ABO blood groups in a University community in Eastern Nigeria. A total of 115 volunteers participated in the study. The blood groups of the participants were determined and the expression of the morphogenetic traits was gotten by physical observation. Greater proportion of the participants were males (55.65 %), students (61.74 %) and within ages 15−25 (58.26 %). There was a higher prevalence of blood group O (57.39 %), tongue non-rollers (53.04 %) and right hand clasping (74.78 %) among the participants. The participants with blood groups A and O recorded a higher distribution of tongue non-rollers while those with blood groups B and AB recorded an equal number of both tongue roller and non-rollers. The participants with blood groups A, B and O recorded a higher distribution of right hand clasping while those with blood group AB recorded a significant higher distribution of left hand clasping (P<0.05). In conclusion, morphogenetic pattern of tongue rolling could not be associated with ABO blood group, whereas that of left hand clasping was associated with blood group AB suggesting that individuals with blood group AB is likely to exhibit left hand clasping; forming basis for determination of hand clasping using ABO blood group in future advancement of genetics and forensic scienc

The telecom value chain, opportunities and revenues created by the nigerian telecom boom

In Nigeria today, we face a serious economic challenge which is as a result of our swindling primary source of revenue (oil), there is fear amongst our economists which is can Nigeria bounce back to what she once was? Can there be an alternative source to serve as a buffer to what we already have. This study aims to bring to prime focus, an industry which has begun blooming in the background. Despite the publicity and popularity enjoyed by today’s telecom giants in the country, there is very little knowledge pertaining to the tremendous impact that it has had directly or indirectly on our economy over the years. Since the liberalization of the telecom industry that brought about the involvement of private investors into the sector, the opportunities and revenues generated has brought about a tremendous effect on the economy. The telecom sector is only second after the oil and gas industry in the amount of finance it contributes to the federal account. This paper discusses some of the value chains, opportunities, revenue that the telecom industry has brought to Nigeria. It uses data obtained from relevant authorities

Military Intervention in Africa. External Military Interventions and Security Prospects in Africa

The research was an investigation into the phenomenon of external military interventions in Africa. The broad interpretation often given to intervention compelled both an African view on the subject and an operational definition. External military intervention was defined as the execution of any military plans by a state or its citizens in another state, in a manner that radically alters the existing socio-political, economic and military conditions in the target state, with or without its consent. The role and effects of external powers in six conflict cases in Africa were examined. A taxonomy on intervention identified the phenomenon in its internal and external manifestations. Apart from the more publicised military role of extra-African powers in the region, the increasing role of African States as intra-continental interventionists was also considered. The research concluded that aspects of the problems perceived as endemically African may have their roots in events influenced by external actions. However, some African states were seen as contributing to this situation as well. The view was expressed that restraints by states in their exercise of power and perceived wisdom may reduce the level of conflicts in the contemporary world.British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, British Counci

MIMO channels: optimizing throughput and reducing outage by increasing multiplexing gain

The two main aims of deploying multiple input multiple out (MIMO) are to achieve spatial diversity (improves channel reliability) and spatial multiplexing (increase data throughput). Achieving both in a given system is impossible for now, and a trade-off has to be reached as they may be conflicting objectives. The basic concept of multiplexing: divide (multiplex) transmit a data stream several branches and transmit via several (independent) channels. In this paper, we focused mainly on achieving spatial multiplexing by modeling the channel using the diagonal Bell Labs space time scheme (D-BLAST) and the vertical Bell Labs space time architecture (V-BLAST) Matlab simulations results were a lso given to further compare the advantages of spatial multiplexing