174 research outputs found
Room temperature stretch forming of scale space shuttle external tank dome gores. Volume 1: Technical
An account of activities and data gathered in the Room Temperature Stretch Forming of One-third Scale External Tank Bulkhead Gores for space shuttle study, and a tooling design and production cost study are reported. The following study phases are described: (1) the stretch forming of three approximately one-third scale external tank dome gores from single sheets of 2219-T37 aluminum alloy; (2) the designing of a full scale production die, including a determination of tooling requirements; and (3) the determination of cost per gore at the required production rates, including manufacturing, packaging, and shipping
The Projective Line Over the Finite Quotient Ring GF(2)[]/ and Quantum Entanglement I. Theoretical Background
The paper deals with the projective line over the finite factor ring
GF(2)[]/. The line is endowed with 18
points, spanning the neighbourhoods of three pairwise distant points. As
is not a local ring, the neighbour (or parallel) relation is
not an equivalence relation so that the sets of neighbour points to two distant
points overlap. There are nine neighbour points to any point of the line,
forming three disjoint families under the reduction modulo either of two
maximal ideals of the ring. Two of the families contain four points each and
they swap their roles when switching from one ideal to the other; the points of
the one family merge with (the image of) the point in question, while the
points of the other family go in pairs into the remaining two points of the
associated ordinary projective line of order two. The single point of the
remaining family is sent to the reference point under both the mappings and its
existence stems from a non-trivial character of the Jacobson radical, , of the ring. The factor ring is isomorphic to GF(2)
GF(2). The projective line over features nine
points, each of them being surrounded by four neighbour and the same number of
distant points, and any two distant points share two neighbours. These
remarkable ring geometries are surmised to be of relevance for modelling
entangled qubit states, to be discussed in detail in Part II of the paper.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure
Qudits of composite dimension, mutually unbiased bases and projective ring geometry
The Pauli operators attached to a composite qudit in dimension may
be mapped to the vectors of the symplectic module
( the modular ring). As a result, perpendicular vectors
correspond to commuting operators, a free cyclic submodule to a maximal
commuting set, and disjoint such sets to mutually unbiased bases. For
dimensions , and 18, the fine structure and the incidence
between maximal commuting sets is found to reproduce the projective line over
the rings , , ,
and ,
respectively.Comment: 10 pages (Fast Track communication). Journal of Physics A
Mathematical and Theoretical (2008) accepte
On Invariant Notions of Segre Varieties in Binary Projective Spaces
Invariant notions of a class of Segre varieties \Segrem(2) of PG(2^m - 1,
2) that are direct products of copies of PG(1, 2), being any positive
integer, are established and studied. We first demonstrate that there exists a
hyperbolic quadric that contains \Segrem(2) and is invariant under its
projective stabiliser group \Stab{m}{2}. By embedding PG(2^m - 1, 2) into
\PG(2^m - 1, 4), a basis of the latter space is constructed that is invariant
under \Stab{m}{2} as well. Such a basis can be split into two subsets whose
spans are either real or complex-conjugate subspaces according as is even
or odd. In the latter case, these spans can, in addition, be viewed as
indicator sets of a \Stab{m}{2}-invariant geometric spread of lines of PG(2^m
- 1, 2). This spread is also related with a \Stab{m}{2}-invariant
non-singular Hermitian variety. The case is examined in detail to
illustrate the theory. Here, the lines of the invariant spread are found to
fall into four distinct orbits under \Stab{3}{2}, while the points of PG(7,
2) form five orbits.Comment: 18 pages, 1 figure; v2 - version accepted in Designs, Codes and
Cryptograph
Performance of prototype BTeV silicon pixel detectors in a high energy pion beam
The silicon pixel vertex detector is a key element of the BTeV spectrometer.
Sensors bump-bonded to prototype front-end devices were tested in a high energy
pion beam at Fermilab. The spatial resolution and occupancies as a function of
the pion incident angle were measured for various sensor-readout combinations.
The data are compared with predictions from our Monte Carlo simulation and very
good agreement is found.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figure
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Effects of fuel content and density on the smoldering characteristics of cellulose and hemicellulose
Smoldering combustion in wildland fires poses hazards for both ecosystems and humans by destroying biomass, transitioning to flaming combustion, and releasing significant quantities of pollution. Understanding the parameters that control smoldering is necessary to help predict and potentially mitigate these hazards. A challenge in identifying these parameters is the wide variety of biomasses which occur in nature. The objective of this study is to identify the effects of density and fuel concentration on the smoldering characteristics of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures. These fuels were considered because they are some of the major organic constituents within biomass. To this end, downward smoldering propagation velocities were measured for 50%, 75%, and 100% cellulose content at densities varying from 170 to 400 kg/m(3). The horizontal smoldering propagation velocities and temperature distributions were also determined for loosely packed samples ranging from 100% to 0% cellulose (with residual hemicellulose). Additionally, horizontal smoldering propagation velocities were determined for systematically varied ratios of cellulose (50-100%) and densities (200-400 kg/m(3)). The fuel was burned in an insulated reactor box. An infrared camera measured the horizontal propagation velocity, and thermocouples measured the downward propagation. A one-dimensional reactive porous media model with reduced chemistry was used to identify key processes causing the observed sensitivities. At constant packing density, the propagation velocity increased as cellulose content decreased because of decreased heat release with increased cellulose content and the earlier onset of hemicellulose pyrolysis. The propagation velocity decreased with respect to packing density when the fuel content was constant because of reduced oxygen diffusion. The propagation velocity increased with cellulose content when the fuel was loosely packed because of the decreasing density. (C) 2018 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
The MLL recombinome of acute leukemias in 2017
Chromosomal rearrangements of the human MLL/KMT2A gene are associated with infant, pediatric, adult and therapy-induced acute leukemias. Here we present the data obtained from 2345 acute leukemia patients. Genomic breakpoints within the MLL gene and the involved translocation partner genes (TPGs) were determined and 11 novel TPGs were identified. Thus, a total of 135 different MLL rearrangements have been identified so far, of which 94 TPGs are now characterized at the molecular level. In all, 35 out of these 94 TPGs occur recurrently, but only 9 specific gene fusions account for more than 90% of all illegitimate recombinations of the MLL gene. We observed an age-dependent breakpoint shift with breakpoints localizing within MLL intron 11 associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and younger patients, while breakpoints in MLL intron 9 predominate in AML or older patients. The molecular characterization of MLL breakpoints suggests different etiologies in the different age groups and allows the correlation of functional domains of the MLL gene with clinical outcome. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the MLL recombinome in acute leukemia and demonstrates that the establishment of patient-specific chromosomal fusion sites allows the design of specific PCR primers for minimal residual disease analyses for all patients
Who Eats Whom in a Pool? A Comparative Study of Prey Selectivity by Predatory Aquatic Insects
Predatory aquatic insects are a diverse group comprising top predators in small fishless water bodies. Knowledge of their diet composition is fragmentary, which hinders the understanding of mechanisms maintaining their high local diversity and of their impacts on local food web structure and dynamics. We conducted multiple-choice predation experiments using nine common species of predatory aquatic insects, including adult and larval Coleoptera, adult Heteroptera and larval Odonata, and complemented them with literature survey of similar experiments. All predators in our experiments fed selectively on the seven prey species offered, and vulnerability to predation varied strongly between the prey. The predators most often preferred dipteran larvae; previous studies further reported preferences for cladocerans. Diet overlaps between all predator pairs and predator overlaps between all prey pairs were non-zero. Modularity analysis separated all primarily nectonic predator and prey species from two groups of large and small benthic predators and their prey. These results, together with limited evidence from the literature, suggest a highly interconnected food web with several modules, in which similarly sized predators from the same microhabitat are likely to compete strongly for resources in the field (observed Pianka’s diet overlap indices >0.85). Our experiments further imply that ontogenetic diet shifts are common in predatory aquatic insects, although we observed higher diet overlaps than previously reported. Hence, individuals may or may not shift between food web modules during ontogeny
The ladder-shaped polyether toxin gambierol anchors the gating machinery of Kv3.1 channels in the resting state
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) and sodium (Nav) channels are key determinants of cellular excitability and serve as targets of neurotoxins. Most marine ciguatoxins potentiate Nav channels and cause ciguatera seafood poisoning. Several ciguatoxins have also been shown to affect Kv channels, and we showed previously that the ladder-shaped polyether toxin gambierol is a potent Kv channel inhibitor. Most likely, gambierol acts via a lipid-exposed binding site, located outside the K(+) permeation pathway. However, the mechanism by which gambierol inhibits Kv channels remained unknown. Using gating and ionic current analysis to investigate how gambierol affected S6 gate opening and voltage-sensing domain (VSD) movements, we show that the resting (closed) channel conformation forms the high-affinity state for gambierol. The voltage dependence of activation was shifted by >120 mV in the depolarizing direction, precluding channel opening in the physiological voltage range. The (early) transitions between the resting and the open state were monitored with gating currents, and provided evidence that strong depolarizations allowed VSD movement up to the activated-not-open state. However, for transition to the fully open (ion-conducting) state, the toxin first needed to dissociate. These dissociation kinetics were markedly accelerated in the activated-not-open state, presumably because this state displayed a much lower affinity for gambierol. A tetrameric concatemer with only one high-affinity binding site still displayed high toxin sensitivity, suggesting that interaction with a single binding site prevented the concerted step required for channel opening. We propose a mechanism whereby gambierol anchors the channel’s gating machinery in the resting state, requiring more work from the VSD to open the channel. This mechanism is quite different from the action of classical gating modifier peptides (e.g., hanatoxin). Therefore, polyether toxins open new opportunities in structure–function relationship studies in Kv channels and in drug design to modulate channel function
Cladistical analysis of the Jovian and Saturnian satellite systems
Jupiter and Saturn each have complex systems of satellites and rings. These satellites can be classified into dynamical groups, implying similar formation scenarios. Recently, a larger number of additional irregular satellites have been discovered around both gas giants that have yet to be classified. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between the satellites and rings of the gas giants, using an analytical technique called cladistics. Cladistics is traditionally used to examine relationships between living organisms, the 'tree of life.' In this work, we perform the first cladistical study of objects in a planetary science context. Our method uses the orbital, physical, and compositional characteristics of satellites to classify the objects in the Jovian and Saturnian systems. We find that the major relationships between the satellites in the two systems, such as families, as presented in previous studies, are broadly preserved. In addition, based on our analysis of the Jovian system, we identify a new retrograde irregular family, the Iocaste family, and suggest that the Phoebe family of the Saturnian system can be further divided into two subfamilies. We also propose that the Saturnian irregular families be renamed, to be consistent with the convention used in Jovian families. Using cladistics, we are also able to assign the new unclassified irregular satellites into families. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the potential use of the cladistical technique in the investigation of relationships between orbital bodies
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