4,412 research outputs found
The Identity Correspondence Problem and its Applications
In this paper we study several closely related fundamental problems for words
and matrices. First, we introduce the Identity Correspondence Problem (ICP):
whether a finite set of pairs of words (over a group alphabet) can generate an
identity pair by a sequence of concatenations. We prove that ICP is undecidable
by a reduction of Post's Correspondence Problem via several new encoding
techniques.
In the second part of the paper we use ICP to answer a long standing open
problem concerning matrix semigroups: "Is it decidable for a finitely generated
semigroup S of square integral matrices whether or not the identity matrix
belongs to S?". We show that the problem is undecidable starting from dimension
four even when the number of matrices in the generator is 48. From this fact,
we can immediately derive that the fundamental problem of whether a finite set
of matrices generates a group is also undecidable. We also answer several
question for matrices over different number fields. Apart from the application
to matrix problems, we believe that the Identity Correspondence Problem will
also be useful in identifying new areas of undecidable problems in abstract
algebra, computational questions in logic and combinatorics on words.Comment: We have made some proofs clearer and fixed an important typo from the
published journal version of this article, see footnote 3 on page 1
Cram\'er-Rao bounds for synchronization of rotations
Synchronization of rotations is the problem of estimating a set of rotations
R_i in SO(n), i = 1, ..., N, based on noisy measurements of relative rotations
R_i R_j^T. This fundamental problem has found many recent applications, most
importantly in structural biology. We provide a framework to study
synchronization as estimation on Riemannian manifolds for arbitrary n under a
large family of noise models. The noise models we address encompass zero-mean
isotropic noise, and we develop tools for Gaussian-like as well as heavy-tail
types of noise in particular. As a main contribution, we derive the
Cram\'er-Rao bounds of synchronization, that is, lower-bounds on the variance
of unbiased estimators. We find that these bounds are structured by the
pseudoinverse of the measurement graph Laplacian, where edge weights are
proportional to measurement quality. We leverage this to provide interpretation
in terms of random walks and visualization tools for these bounds in both the
anchored and anchor-free scenarios. Similar bounds previously established were
limited to rotations in the plane and Gaussian-like noise
Future neutrino oscillation facilities
The recent discovery that neutrinos have masses opens a wide new field of
experimentation. Accelerator-made neutrinos are essential in this program.
Ideas for future facilities include high intensity muon neutrino beams from
pion decay (`SuperBeam'), electron neutrino beams from nuclei decays (`Beta
Beam'), or muon and electron neutrino beams from muon decay (`Neutrino
Factory'), each associated with one or several options for detector systems.
Each option offers synergetic possibilities, e.g. some of the detectors can be
used for proton decay searches, while the Neutrino Factory is a first step
towards muon colliders.
A summary of the perceived virtues and shortcomings of the various options,
and a number of open questions are presented.Comment: Originally written for the CERN Strategy Grou
On in situ Determination of Earth Matter Density in Neutrino Factory
We point out that an accurate in situ determination of the earth matter
density \rho is possible in neutrino factory by placing a detector at the magic
baseline, L = \sqrt{2} \pi / G_{F} N_{e} where N_{e} denotes electron number
density. The accuracy of matter density determination is excellent in a region
of relatively large theta_{13} with fractional uncertainty \delta \rho / \rho
of about 0.43%, 1.3%, and \lsim 3% at 1 sigma CL at sin^2 2theta_{13}=0.1,
10^{-2}, and 3 x 10^{-3}, respectively. At smaller theta_{13} the uncertainty
depends upon the CP phase delta, but it remains small, 3%-7% in more than 3/4
of the entire region of delta at sin^2 2theta_{13} = 10^{-4}. The results would
allow us to solve the problem of obscured CP violation due to the uncertainty
of earth matter density in a wide range of theta_{13} and delta. It may provide
a test for the geophysical model of the earth, or it may serve as a method for
stringent test of the MSW theory of neutrino propagation in matter once an
accurate geophysical estimation of the matter density is available.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, version to appear in PR
Reachability problems for PAMs
Piecewise affine maps (PAMs) are frequently used as a reference model to show
the openness of the reachability questions in other systems. The reachability
problem for one-dimentional PAM is still open even if we define it with only
two intervals. As the main contribution of this paper we introduce new
techniques for solving reachability problems based on p-adic norms and weights
as well as showing decidability for two classes of maps. Then we show the
connections between topological properties for PAM's orbits, reachability
problems and representation of numbers in a rational base system. Finally we
show a particular instance where the uniform distribution of the original orbit
may not remain uniform or even dense after making regular shifts and taking a
fractional part in that sequence.Comment: 16 page
TLEP, first step in a long-term vision for HEP
The discovery of H(126) has renewed interest in circular e+e- colliders that
can operate as Higgs factories, which benefit from three unique
characteristics: i) high luminosity and reliability, ii) the availability of
several interaction points, iii) superior beam energy accuracy. TLEP is an e+e-
storage ring of 80-km circumference that can operate with very high luminosity
from the Z peak (90 GeV) to the top quark pair threshold (350 GeV). It can
achieve transverse beam polarization at the Z peak and WW threshold, giving it
unparalleled accuracy on the beam energy. A preliminary study indicates that an
80 km tunnel could be constructed around CERN. Such a tunnel would allow a 100
TeV proton-proton collider to be established in the same ring (VHE-LHC),
offering a long term vision.Comment: This is a contribution to the the Snowmass process 2013: Frontier
Capabilitie
La Croatie dans l’Union Européenne : une insertion différenciée
International audienc
Comments on "Wall-plug (AC) power consumption of a very high energy e+/e- storage ring collider" by Marc Ross
The paper arXiv:1308.0735 questions some of the technical assumptions made by
the TLEP Steering Group when estimating in arXiv:1305.6498 the power
requirement for the very high energy e+e- storage ring collider TLEP. We show
that our assumptions are based solidly on CERN experience with LEP and the LHC,
as well accelerators elsewhere, and confirm our earlier baseline estimate of
the TLEP power consumption.Comment: 6 page
On the improvement of the low energy neutrino factory
The low energy neutrino factory has been proposed as a very sensitive setup
for future searches for CP violation and matter effects. Here we study how its
performance is affected when the experimental specifications of the setup are
varied. Most notably, we have considered the addition of the 'platinum' nu_{mu}
-> nu_{e} channel. We find that, whilst theoretically the extra channel
provides very useful complementary information and helps to lift degeneracies,
its practical usefulness is lost when considering realistic background levels.
Conversely, an increase in statistics in the 'golden' nu_{e} -> nu_{mu} channel
and, to some extent, an improvement in the energy resolution, lead to an
important increase in the performance of the facility, given the rich energy
dependence of the 'golden' channel at these energies. We show that a low energy
neutrino factory with a baseline of 1300 km, muon energy of 4.5 GeV, and either
a 20 kton totally active scintillating detector or 100 kton liquid argon
detector, can have outstanding sensitivity to the neutrino oscillation
parameters theta13, delta and the mass hierarchy. For our estimated exposure of
2.8 x 10^{23} kton x decays per muon polarity, the low energy neutrino factory
has sensitivity to theta13 and delta for sin^{2}(2theta13) > 10^{-4} and to the
mass hierarchy for sin^{2}(2theta13) > 10^{-3}.Comment: 13 pages, 8 eps figures. Version published in PRD - experimental
section with preliminary results removed, abstract and conclusions re-written
accordingly, title changed, author list amended
Four-path interference and uncertainty principle in photodetachment microscopy
We study the quantal motion of electrons emitted by a pointlike monochromatic
isotropic source into parallel uniform electric and magnetic fields. The
two-path interference pattern in the emerging electron wave due to the electric
force is modified by the magnetic lens effect which periodically focuses the
beam into narrow filaments along the symmetry axis. There, four classical paths
interfere. With increasing electron energy, the current distribution changes
from a quantum regime governed by the uncertainty principle, to an intricate
spatial pattern that yields to a semiclassical analysis.Comment: submitted to Europhysics Letter
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